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    Natural Classes: Sounds A Natural Class Them

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    Abdelouahed Abiyou
    The document discusses natural classes of sounds and how they pattern together in phonological rules. It provides examples from stops in English and discusses their voiced and voiceless subsystems. It also examines different realizations of stops depending on their position, including aspiration, devoicing, nasal release, glottal accompaniment, and lateral release. The document contrasts phonemic representations with phonetic realizations and explains how this leads to identifying phonemes and allophones in a language.

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    Natural Classes: Sounds A Natural Class Them

    Uploaded by

    Abdelouahed Abiyou
    48 views11 pages
    The document discusses natural classes of sounds and how they pattern together in phonological rules. It provides examples from stops in English and discusses their voiced and voiceless subsystems. It also examines different realizations of stops depending on their position, including aspiration, devoicing, nasal release, glottal accompaniment, and lateral release. The document contrasts phonemic representations with phonetic realizations and explains how this leads to identifying phonemes and allophones in a language.

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    Linguistics

    Original Title

    Natural Classes

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    The document discusses natural classes of sounds and how they pattern together in phonological rules. It provides examples from stops in English and discusses their voiced and voiceless subsystems. It also examines different realizations of stops depending on their position, including aspiration, devoicing, nasal release, glottal accompaniment, and lateral release. The document contrasts phonemic representations with phonetic realizations and explains how this leads to identifying phonemes and allophones in a language.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    48 views11 pages

    Natural Classes: Sounds A Natural Class Them

    Uploaded by

    Abdelouahed Abiyou
    The document discusses natural classes of sounds and how they pattern together in phonological rules. It provides examples from stops in English and discusses their voiced and voiceless subsystems. It also examines different realizations of stops depending on their position, including aspiration, devoicing, nasal release, glottal accompaniment, and lateral release. The document contrasts phonemic representations with phonetic realizations and explains how this leads to identifying phonemes and allophones in a language.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Natural Classes

    -Sounds sharing the same phonetic features


    represent a natural class
    -This fact allows them to undergo the same
    phonological rules and to be counted as potential
    realizations of the same basic sound:
    Examples: The system of stops in Eng.:
    Within this system we find 2 more subsystems:
    Voiced and voiceless
    b, d, g
    P, t, k
    • 1-Only voiceless stops get aspirated when they are
    initial: [ pʰ ], [ tʰ ], [ kʰ ]
    • 2- voiced stops become devoiced initially and
    finally: [ b̥ ], [ d̥ ], [ g̥ ]
    • 3- stops get nasally released when followed by
    nasal sounds: [ b̑ ], [ p̑ ], [ t̑ ], [ d̑ ]
    • Glottal stop accompaniment applies mainly to
    voiceless stops: wept, shocked, eighth
    • /weʔpt / /ʃϽʔt/ /eiʔtθ/
    • /p/ [̑ʔp] The realization of one basic sound
    The phoneme includes two separate symbols as its
    realization: difference bet. Phonemic representation
    • Glottal stop replacement applies to /-V/ stop sounds
    only:
    • -a bit of butter, football, get down, not now;
    • Thick coat; back garden; soap powder, stop
    play, night time
    • /t/ [ ʔ ] / V ____ C
    • This is a case of
    • dissimimilation
    • Lateral release:
    • Only Alveolar stops can have lateral release
    realizations: craddle, bottle
    • /t/ [ tˈ ]/ _____ /+lateral/
    • /d/ [ dˈ ] /______ /+lateral/
    • Stop
    • voice [+lateral] ____ /+Lat/
    • alveolar
    • In general,when we talk about stops we have
    to consider three phases in their production:
    •

    Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3


    • Phase 1= the closing phase
    • Phase 2 = the actual closure
    • Phase 3= the releasing (opening) phase
    • For /p/:

    For initial
    /d/
    • This figure allows us to explain the realizations
    of voiced sounds following voiceless stops:
    • Club tray play
    • The three stops get aspirated in this position;
    therefore, they will impose devoicing on the
    neighbouring sound:

    /pʰ/
    Result: /l/,
    ̥ /r̥ /
    Line 1

    Line 2

    However, voiceless stop after an initial /s/ are not fully voiceless
    See line 2
    • Therefore, in spray the /r/ is not devoiced

    In other contexts voiced stops are fully voiced:


    • / əgəu/, /ədu:/
    • This distinction bet. The basic sound (the
    phoneme) and its realizations leads us to the
    main steps in identifying the phonemes and
    their allophones in any language:
    • 1- Minimal pair test: Contrast
    • 2- Complementary distribution
    • 3- Phonetic similarity:
    • Concrete examples:
    • Can clear /l/ and dark /l/ occur in the same
    position?
    • Can they contrast words?
    • Consider the Corean /l/ and /r/.
    • Data from Korean:
    • rupi ‘ruby’ mul ‘water’
    • kiri ‘road’ pal ‘big’
    • Saram ‘person’ səul ‘Seoul’
    • irɯmi ‘name’ ilkop ‘seven’
    • ratio ‘radio’ ipalsal ‘barber’
    • ltik ‘ paper’
    • [r] is always in front of a vowel
    • [l] is never in front of a vowel
    • So Koreans don’t have to remember if a word
    has /l/ or /r/.
    • They unconsciously use their shared rules
    both as speakers and as receivers.
    • /l/ [ r] __ /V/
    Both realizations share the same
    Phonetic features

    • /l/ [ l ] elsewhere
    • In English the case is different:
    • Read lead Here, there is contrast:
    • Road load The two sounds have a distinctive function
    • /l/ [l]
    • /r/ [r]
    • Two realisations of two different phonemes.
    • Similar to Korean [l] and [r] is the case of [d]and [ð] in
    Spanish:
    • The dif. in sound bet. These sounds is used to differentiate
    bet. English words : then/ den; lather/ ladder; breathe/
    breed.
    • However, in Spanish the 2 sounds can never differentiate one
    word from another:
    • [ð] occurs bet. Vowels: todo ‘all’ and at the end of words:
    verdad ‘truth’. The sound /d/ never occurs in these positions.

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