Lecture 2
Lecture 2
Network Models
2.1 A protocol
- It is a set of rules that govern data communications.
- It determines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated.
- The key elements of protocol are syntax, semantics and timing
Elements of a Protocol
syntax
Format of the data:(how to read the bits - field delineation)
Semantics
Interprets the meaning of the fields/bits
Timing
What and When data should be sent
As example:
•consider two friends
communicate through
postal mail.
Note
Figure 2.2
Seven layers of the OSI model
Standardization Framework of OSI
the functions at each layer are
developed independently and
simultaneously
change in standards in
one layer need not
affect existing software in
another layer
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.18 Communication at application layer
A B
Application Legend Source Destination D Data H Header Application
Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network
Physical Physical
D5 D5
Message
D5 D5
TCP/IP Message
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.19 Communication at transport layer
A Legend Source Destination D Data H Header B
Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network
Physical Physical
D4 H4
Segment
D4 H4
Segment
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.20 Communication at the network layer
Legend Source Destination D Data H Header
A R1 R3 R4 B
Network Network
Physical Physical
D3 H3
Datagram
D3 H3
Datagram
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.21 Communication at the data link layer
Physical Physical
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6
D2 H2
Frame
D2 ame
Fr
H2
D2 H2 D2 H2
Frame Frame
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
Figure 2.22 Communication at the physical layer
A R1 R3 R4 B
Physical Physical
layer layer
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite