Introduction To T-SQL Querying

Module 2
Introduction to T-SQL Querying

Module Overview
Introducing T-SQL
Understanding Sets
Understanding Predicate Logic
• Understanding the Logical Order of Operations in
SELECT Statements
Lesson 1: Introducing T-SQL
About T-SQL
Categories of T-SQL Statements
T-SQL Language Elements
T-SQL Language Elements: Predicates and Operators
T-SQL Language Elements: Functions
T-SQL Language Elements: Variables
T-SQL Language Elements: Expressions
T-SQL Language Elements: Control of Flow, Errors, and
Transactions
T-SQL Language Elements: Comments
T-SQL Language Elements: Batch Separators
About T-SQL
• Structured Query Language (SQL)

• Developed by IBM in the 1970s
• Adopted by ANSI and ISO standards bodies
• Widely used in the industry
• PL/SQL (Oracle), SQL Procedural Language (IBM),
Transact-SQL (Microsoft)
• Transact-SQL is commonly referred to as T-SQL
• The querying language of SQL Server 2016
• SQL is declarative
• Describe what you want, not the individual steps
Categories of T-SQL Statements
DML* DDL DCL
• Data Manipulation • Data Definition • Data Control

Language Language Language
• Used to query and • Used to define • Used to manage

manipulate data database objects security
permissions
• SELECT, INSERT, • CREATE, ALTER,
UPDATE, DELETE DROP • GRANT, REVOKE,
DENY
*DML with SELECT is the focus of this course

T-SQL Language Elements
• Predicates and Operators

• Functions
• Variables
• Expressions
• Batch Separators
• Control of Flow
• Comments
T-SQL Language Elements: Predicates and
Operators
Elements: Predicates and Operators:
ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE,

Predicates
OR, SOME
=, >, <, >=, <=, <>, !=, !>, !

Comparison Operators
<
Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT
Arithmetic Operators *, /, %, +, -,
Concatenation +
T-SQL Language Elements: Functions
Date and Time

String Functions Aggregate
Functions • GETDATE Functions
• SYSDATETIME
• SUBSTRING • GETUTCDATE • SUM
• LEFT, RIGHT • DATEADD • MIN
• LEN • DATEDIFF • MAX
• REPLACE • YEAR • AVG
• REPLICATE • MONTH • COUNT
• UPPER, LOWER • DAY • COUNT_BIG
• LTRIM, RTRIM • DATENAME • STDEV
• STUFF • DATEPART • STDEVP
• SOUNDEX • ISDATE • VAR
T-SQL Language Elements: Variables
• Local variables in T-SQL temporarily store a value

of a specific data type
• Name begins with single @ sign
• @@ reserved for system functions
• Assigned a data type
• Must be declared and used within the same
batch
• In SQL Server 2016, you can declare and initialize
a variable in the same statement
DECLARE @search varchar(30) = 'Match%';
T-SQL Language Elements: Expressions
• Combination of identifiers, values, and operators

evaluated to obtain a single result
• Can be used in SELECT statements
• SELECT clause
• WHERE clause
• Can be single constant, single-valued function, or

variable
• Can be combined if expressions have the same
data type
SELECT YEAR(orderdate) + 1 ...
SELECT qty * unitprice ...
T-SQL Language Elements: Control of Flow,
Errors, and Transactions
Control of Flow Error Handling Transaction Control
• BEGIN
• IF … ELSE • TRY
TRANSACTION
• WHILE • CATCH
• ROLLBACK
• BREAK • THROW
TRANSACTION
• CONTINUE
• COMMIT
• BEGIN … END
TRANSACTION
• WAITFOR
• ROLLBACK WORK
• SAVE
TRANSACTION
The above are used in programmatic code objects

T-SQL Language Elements: Comments
• Two methods for marking text as comments

• A block comment, surround text with /* and */
/*
All the text in this paragraph will be treated as
comments by SQL Server.
*/
• An inline comment, precede text with --

-- This is an inline comment
• Many T-SQL editors will color comments as above

T-SQL Language Elements: Batch Separators
• Batches are sets of commands sent to SQL Server

as a unit
• Batches determine variable scope, name
resolution
• To separate statements into batches, use a
separator:
• SQL Server tools use the GO keyword
• GO is not an SQL Server T-SQL command
• GO [count] executes the preceding batch [count] times
Demonstration: T-SQL Language Elements
In this demonstration, you will see how to:

• Use T-SQL language elements
Lesson 2: Understanding Sets
Set Theory and SQL Server

• Set Theory Applied to SQL Server Queries
Set Theory and SQL Server
Characteristics of a Set Example
Elements of a set called Customer as a member of set called

Members Customers
Elements of a set are

First name, Last name, Age
described by attributes
Elements must be unique Customer ID
Set theory does not specify the order of its members

Set Theory Applied to SQL Server Queries
Application of Set Theory Comments
Acts on all elements at once Query the whole table
Tell the engine what you want to

Use set-based processing
retrieve
Avoid cursors or loops Do not process each item individually
Members of a set must be

Define unique keys in a table
unique
Use ORDER BY clause if results need to

No defined order to result set
be ordered
Lesson 3: Understanding Predicate Logic
Predicate Logic and SQL Server

• Predicate Logic Applied to SQL Server Queries
Predicate Logic and SQL Server
• Predicate logic is another mathematical basis for

the relational database model
• In theory, a predicate is a property or expression
that is either true or false
• Predicate is also referred to as a Boolean
expression
Predicate Logic Applied to SQL Server Queries
Uses for Predicates
• Filtering data in queries

• Providing conditional logic to CASE
expressions
• Joining tables
• Defining subqueries
• Enforcing data integrity
• Control of flow
Lesson 4: Understanding the Logical Order of
Operations in SELECT Statements
Elements of a SELECT Statement

Logical Query Processing
Applying the Logical Order of Operations to
Writing SELECT Statements
• Demonstration: Logical Query Processing
Elements of a SELECT Statement
Element Expression Role
SELECT <select list> Defines which columns to return
FROM <table source> Defines table(s) to query
Filters returned data using a

WHERE <search condition>
predicate
GROUP BY <group by list> Arranges rows by groups
HAVING <search condition> Filters groups by a predicate
ORDER BY <order by list> Sorts the results

Logical Query Processing
5. SELECT <select list>

1. FROM <table source>
2. WHERE <search condition>
3. GROUP BY <group by list>
4. HAVING <search condition>
6. ORDER BY <order by list>
The order in which a query is written is not the order in which it is

evaluated by SQL Server
Applying the Logical Order of Operations to
Writing SELECT Statements
USE TSQL;
SELECT EmployeeId, YEAR(OrderDate) AS OrderYear

FROM Sales.Orders
WHERE CustomerId = 71
GROUP BY EmployeeId, YEAR(OrderDate)
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
ORDER BY EmployeeId, OrderYear;
Demonstration: Logical Query Processing
In this demonstration, you will see how to:

• View query output that illustrates logical
processing order
Lab: Introduction to T-SQL Querying
Exercise 1: Executing Basic SELECT Statements

Exercise 2: Executing Queries That Filter Data Using
Predicates
• Exercise 3: Executing Queries That Sort Data Using
ORDER BY
Logon Information
Virtual machine: 20761C-MIA-SQL
User name: ADVENTUREWORKS\Student
Password: Pa55w.rd
Estimated Time: 30 minutes

Lab Scenario
You are an Adventure Works business analyst,

who will be writing reports against corporate
databases stored in SQL Server. To help you
become more comfortable with SQL Server
querying, the Adventure Works IT department has
provided some common queries to run against
their databases. You will review and execute these
queries.
Module Review and Takeaways
• Review Question(s)

Introduction To T-SQL Querying

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Module 2

Introduction to T-SQL Querying

• Structured Query Language (SQL)

DML* DDL DCL

• Data Manipulation • Data Definition • Data Control

• Used to query and • Used to define • Used to manage

*DML with SELECT is the focus of this course

• Predicates and Operators

Elements: Predicates and Operators:

ALL, ANY, BETWEEN, IN, LIKE,

=, >, <, >=, <=, <>, !=, !>, !

Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT

Date and Time

• Local variables in T-SQL temporarily store a value

• Combination of identifiers, values, and operators

• Can be single constant, single-valued function, or

Control of Flow Error Handling Transaction Control

The above are used in programmatic code objects

• Two methods for marking text as comments

• An inline comment, precede text with --

• Many T-SQL editors will color comments as above

• Batches are sets of commands sent to SQL Server

In this demonstration, you will see how to:

Set Theory and SQL Server

Characteristics of a Set Example

Elements of a set called Customer as a member of set called

Elements of a set are

Elements must be unique Customer ID

Set theory does not specify the order of its members

Application of Set Theory Comments

Acts on all elements at once Query the whole table

Tell the engine what you want to

Avoid cursors or loops Do not process each item individually

Members of a set must be

Use ORDER BY clause if results need to

Predicate Logic and SQL Server

• Predicate logic is another mathematical basis for

Uses for Predicates

• Filtering data in queries

Elements of a SELECT Statement

Element Expression Role

SELECT <select list> Defines which columns to return

FROM <table source> Defines table(s) to query

Filters returned data using a

GROUP BY <group by list> Arranges rows by groups

HAVING <search condition> Filters groups by a predicate

ORDER BY <order by list> Sorts the results

5. SELECT <select list>

The order in which a query is written is not the order in which it is

SELECT EmployeeId, YEAR(OrderDate) AS OrderYear

In this demonstration, you will see how to:

Exercise 1: Executing Basic SELECT Statements

Estimated Time: 30 minutes

You are an Adventure Works business analyst,

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