INTRODUCTION

• Definition of a Transformer
• Its necessity in a power system
REQUIREMENTS OF A PROTECTIVE SYSTEM

• Reliability
• Selectivity
• Speed
• Discrimination
• Stability
• Sensitivity
 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
• Need for its protection
• Methods / Schemes
 RELAY
• Definition
• Function In A Power System
• Importance
• Basic Tripping Circuit
• Main And Back-up Relaying
 PARAMETERS FOR RELAY CLASSIFICATION

• Based On Operating Quantity

• Based Of Number Of Quantities
• Time Of Operation
• Constructional Features
• Special Function Relays
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OPERATING
QUANTITY
• Overload Relay: Operates on overload
• Over-current Relay: Operates on over fault current
• Induction Cup: Based on production of torque
• Differential: Based on Merz Price circulating current
principle
• Two Input Relay: Two quantities are fed at relaying
point
• Directional Relay: Direction of voltage or current is
used as a reference
• Impedance Relay: Impedance is used as a reference
• Reactance Relay: Reactance is used as a reference
• Ohm Relay : Line impedance relay is used as a
reference (angle impedance relay)
• Mho Relay: Line admittance is used as a reference
(angle admittance relay)
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CONSTRUCTION

• Electromagnetic Relay
• Static Relay
• Microprocessor Based Relay
• Numerical Relay
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TIME OF
OPERATION
• Definite Time
• Inverse Time
• Inverse Definite Minimum Time
• Very Inverse Time
• Extremely Inverse Time
 ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAY

• Construction :Based On Principle of Electromagnetism

• History: Earliest type of relay; not used these days
• Size And Features: Huge, rugged, immune to voltage spikes
• Disadvantages: Less sensitive, less life, more maintenance,
higher failure rate
 OVERLOAD RELAY
• Used For Overload Protection
• When equipment draws more current from
the line, it is said to be overloaded.
• Equilibrium Temperature
• Also Known As Thermal Relay
• Time inversely proportional to current
 OVERCURRENT RELAY
• On occurrence of fault, current is diverted to an
undesired path. This current drawn is called
overcurrent
• Used for short circuit protection
• Instantaneous: Immediate operation
• Time delayed: Time inversely proportional to current
• Definite time: operates after a definite set time, used
for radial feeder protection
• Inverse time : Time inversely proportional to current
• IDMT: Time inversely proportional to current and
operates after definite time
 STATIC RELAYS
• Active semiconductor devices are employed for processing
electrical input signals
• Semiconductor devices include diodes, transistors, ICs’
• Advantages: reduced burden, no mobile parts, fast response,
less maintenance, robustness, flexibility
• Limitations: vulnerable to voltage transients, variation of
characteristic with temperature and age, lower short time
overload capacity
 NUMERICAL RELAY
• Incorporates microprocessor, DSP. Generally referred
to as numerical relay
• Advantages: Reliable, dependable , flexible, compact
• Low burden on CTs’ and PTs’
• Immune to variations in parameters of components
• Ease of interfacing
• Storage of historic data: Fault data can be stored,
recorded and analyzed
• Time synchronization: Sequence of relay operations
can be synchronized
• Protection, control and metering achieved in a single
unit
• Wide range of facilities: this includes self monitoring,
event history, load shedding, auto synchronization,
 NUMERICAL RELAY HARDWARE
• Digital techniques are used for data acquisition.
• Analog input system: Analog signals are obtained
from substation, multiplexed, sampled and converted
to digital signals. Low pass filter is used to avoid
unwanted frequency components
• Processor: DSPs’ are used (faster than
microprocessors)
• Data and program storage: RAM stores the sampled
signals . ROM stores the program permanently.
• Digital output system: Used to provide trip signals to
external systems
• Power supply: Uninterrupted DC supply is provided
• Communication peripherals and protocols: Varies
with the relay model
 Facilities Available in Numerical Relay

• Software
• Human machine interface
• Communication
• Disturbance recorder
• Logical charts
• Metering
• Group settings
 Components of DSP
• Quantities are converted into electrical signals using
suitable transducers
• Low pass filters prevent aliasing
• S/H circuit which acts like a Voltage Memory device
• Multiplexer
• Digital processor
 About P63X
• It is a model series of numerical relay
manufactured by Areva
• Designed for fast and selective protection of
transformers
• Four models are available
 Functions of P632
• Three system differential protection
• Amplitude and vector group matching
• Zero sequence current filtering
• Ground differential protection
• Stabilization
• Data acquisition, data recording
• Fault signal recording
 P632 As A Transformer Protective Device

• Restricted earth fault protection

• Inverse time overcurrent protection
• Over/Under voltage protection
• Over/Under frequency protection
• Thermal overload protection
• Value monitoring
• Programmable logic
 Technical Data
• Design: surface mounted case
• Terminals: PC interface using D-sub 9 pin connector
• Mechanically robust
• Temperature range: -5°C to 55°C
• PC interface protocols: MODBUS, DNP
• Four independent parameter subsets available
• Ring memory for continuous recording of processes.
 Inputs and Outputs
• Current: Nominal current – 1 to 5A(ac), Surge current – 250
Inom, continuous rating - 4 Inom
• Voltage: nominal – 50to 130 V (AC), Load rating - 150 V AC
• Frequency: 50 Hz nominal
• Binary signal inputs: Vnom – 24 to 250 V DC, Range: 0.8 to 1.1
Vnom
• Direct current input: 0 to 26 mA, max- 50 mA , max voltage-
17V
• Input load- 100 ohms
• Analog data output: range- 0 to 20 mA
• Load – 0 to 500 ohms
• Max permissible voltage- 15V
• Fault signals: 17 LEDs’ (13 configurable)
 Measurable Operating Variables
• Phase currents(3)
• Max phase current
• Min phase current
• Delayed current
• Voltage
• Frequency
• Angle between phases currents
• Current In
• Phase current of virtual end of transformer
 Fault Data Acquisition
• Running time
• Fault duration
• Fault currents
• Differential currents
• Second and fifth harmonics
• Restraining currents
 Differential Protection
• Based on amplitude matching, which is achieved by
setting of reference power and nominal voltage for
all windings
• Nominal power is selected as reference power.
• Reference currents are calculated as
I ref=S ref/(√3Vnom)
Sref: Reference power
Iref: Reference current
Vnom: Nominal voltage
• Matching factor is calculated as
k= Inom / Iref
It must always be ≤ 5; else a warning will be issued
• In vector group matching, low voltage currents are
rotated with respect to high voltage currents
according to their vector group
• Desired matching is achieved calculating the relevant
vector difference
 RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT
• Applied to transformers windings with
grounded neutral point
• It is based on comparing the vector sum In of
the phase currents to neutral point current Iy .
It generates the vector sum of the phase currents.
• Reference currents are calculated
• Matching factor must be ≤ 3; else a warning will be
issued
DEFINITE TIME OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

• Two 3 stage DTOC can be implemented.

• DTOC function monitors the phase currents,
negative sequence current and residual
current
• Once the set parameters are exceeded, trip
signal is generated.
THERMAL OVERLOAD PROTECTION