Minerals AND Rocks: Earth and Life Science

MINERALS
AND
ROCKS
Earth and Life
Science
OBJECTIVES
After going through this lesson, you should be able to:
1. Identify the three types of rocks;

2. Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks
and;
3. Appreciate the importance of rocks in our daily life.
Minerals
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Mineralogist use the criteria
to determine whether a material is classified as mineral or not. A
mineral is an inorganic element or compound with an ordered internal
structure and distinct chemical composition, crystal shape, and
physical characteristics that occur naturally. Quartz, feldspar, mica,
amphibole, olivine, and calcite are all common minerals.
ine r alogy s.
M ineral
m
u dy o f
- the st
Characteristics of Properties of Minerals
Minerals a. Color- mineral’s color may change depending
on the surface
1. Naturally occuring- a product of Earth’s b. Streak- color of mineral in powdered form.
natural processes. c. Hardness- minerals resistance to scratching.
2. Inorganic- it must be product of Earth’s d. Cleavage- mineral’s resistance to being broken
physical processes. and fracture.
3. Homogenous solid- minerals should have e. Crystalline structure of habit
definite volume and rigid shape. f. Diaphenity/ amount of transparency- ability
to allow light to pass through it. This is affected
4. Definite chemical composition- represented
off a surface.
by a chemical formula.
g. Luster- how light is reflected off a surface.
5. Orderly crystalline structure- atoms of h. Tenacity- describes the minerals reaction to
minerals are arranged in an orderly and stress.
repeating form.
Rocks
Earth is a solid rock to a depth of Grains can be different in color, texture,

2900 kilometers, where mantle and sizes. Geologists then group rocks
meets the liquid outer core. A rock into three categories based on how the
is a naturally occuring solid rocks form: igneous, sedimentary, and
aggregate of one or more minerals. metamorphic rock. Petrology is the
The aggregate minerals forming the scientific study of rocks. Petrologists
rocks are held together by chemical classify rocks based on how they were
bonds formed.
Three types of Rocks IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED
Igneous- formed from hardening and BASED ON:
crystalization of magma or molten material
that originates deep within the earth.
1. Composition
○ FELSIC- light in color;
TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS: feldspar and silicates
A. Extrusive/ Volcanic Rock- forms when magma ○ MAFIC- dark in color; made
makes its way to Earth’s surface as lava and then up of magnesium and iron
cools. The crystals are very small(fine grained) ○ INTERMEDIATE- between
since the cooling process is fast. mafic and felsic
B. Intrusive/ Plutonic- It cools slowly beneath the ○ ULTRAMAFIC- very dark
Earth surface and are created by magma. The color
intrusive igneous rocks have very large
crystals(coarse grained).
IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE CLASSIFIED EXAMPLES:
BASED ON:
2. Texture- overall appearance of rock

○ APHANISTIC- fine grained
○ PHANERITIC- coarse
grained ANDESITE BASALT
○ PORPHYRITIC- large
crystals with small crystals
○ GLASSY- non-ordered solid
from rapid quenching
○ PYROCLASTIC- composite
of ejected fragments
DIORITE GABBRO
EXAMPLES:
GRANITE OBSIDIAN PUMICE RHYLOITE
PEGMATITE PERIDOTITE SCORIA TUFF

Three types of Rocks Classification
Metamorphic- forms from pre-existing rocks;
either metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary. a. Texture- refers to the size
Examples are the Quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite arrangement and grains within the
rock.
b. Foliation- any planar arrangement of
mineral grains or structural features
Metamorphism- transformation of one rock
within the rock.
type into another
*foliated- appeared banded or
2 types of Metamorphism layered, contains crystals
*non-foliated- made up of only few
1. Regional- due to changes in pressure and minerals.
temperature over large region of the crust.
2. Contact- mainly by heat due to contact
with magma.
EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC
ROCKS
GARNET SLATE MARBLE SCHIST

AMPHIBOLITE
SPHALERITE ORE ROCK ECLOGITE JADEITE GNEISS

Three types of sedimentary rocks
Three types of rocks a. Clastic Sedimentary Rock- formed from
accumulation of clasts: little pieces of
Sedimentary rocks provide information broken rocks and shells. Examples are
about surface conditions that existed in the conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, shale.
Earth’s past. b. Chemical- formed when dissolved
• Particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and minerals precipitate from a solution.
other fragments of materials called Example is the Halite that are formed
sediments, accumulate in layers and when a body of seawater becomes closed
over long period of time to harden off and evaporates.
into rocks. c. Organic- rocks formed from the
• Compaction- due to increase of accumulation of animal debris. Example is
pressure of layered sediments it bind
the Coal which is composed of organic
together to form the sedimentary
matter in the form of plants fragments.
rocks.
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
CHALK LIMESTONE
SANDSTON
E

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MINERALS

1. Identify the three types of rocks;

Earth is a solid rock to a depth of Grains can be different in color, texture,

2. Texture- overall appearance of rock

GRANITE OBSIDIAN PUMICE RHYLOITE

PEGMATITE PERIDOTITE SCORIA TUFF

GARNET SLATE MARBLE SCHIST

SPHALERITE ORE ROCK ECLOGITE JADEITE GNEISS

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