Ambo University Woliso Campus, Technology and Informatics School Department of Computer Science
Ambo University Woliso Campus, Technology and Informatics School Department of Computer Science
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CHAPTER THREE
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Data Transmission Media
Transmission media refers to the physical media through which
communication signals (data and information are transmitted).
Transmission media can be divided into two broad categories:
guided/wired media and unguided/wireless media.
Guided/wired media uses a cabling system that guides the
data signals along a specific path.
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Guided Media
A signal travelling along the guided media is directed and
contained by the physical limits of the medium.
The data signals are bound by the cabling system.
Cabling refers to transmission medium that consists of
cables.
There are three major groups of cables:
1. Twisted-pair cable
2. Coaxial cable
3. Fiber-optic cable
• Twisted-pair and Coaxial cable accepts and transports
signal in the form of electric current.
• Fiber-optic cable as a light
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Transmission Impairments
With a communication system, the signal that is
received may differ from the signal that is transmitted
due to various transmission impairments.
For analog signals, these impairments can degrade the
signal quality.
For digital signals, bit errors may be introduced, such
that a binary 1 is transformed into a binary 0 or vice
versa.
The most significant impairments are
Noise
Attenuation
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Noise
Noise: is any undesirable influence that may degrade or
distort a signal.
Many different types of noise may affect transmission.
A common source of noise is EMI (electromagnetic
interference), or waves that are generated from electrical
devices or cables carrying electricity.
Motors, power lines, televisions, copiers, fluorescent
lights, manufacturing machinery, and other sources of
electrical activity (including a severe thunderstorm) can
cause EMI.
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Noise
Another form of noise that hinders data transmission is
cross talk.
Cross talk occurs when a signal travelling on one wire or
cable infringes on the signal travelling over an adjacent
wire or cable.
When cross talk occurs between two cables, it’s called
alien cross talk.
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Attenuation
Attenuation is the loss of a signal’s strength as it travels
away from its source.
To compensate for attenuation, both analog and digital
signals are boosted.
However, the technology used to boost an analog signal is
different from that used to boost a digital signal.
Analog signals pass through an amplifier, an electronic
device that increases the voltage, or strength, of the
signals.
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Attenuation
When an analog signal is amplified, the noise that it has
accumulated is also amplified.
After multiple amplifications, an analog signal may
become difficult to interpret.
When digital signals are repeated, they are actually
retransmitted in their original form, without the noise they
might have accumulated previously.
This process is known as regeneration.
A device that regenerates a digital signal is called a
repeater.
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Twisted-Pair Cable
A twisted pair cable consists of two conductors (copper),
each with its own plastic insulation, twisted together.
There are two types of twisted pair cables:-
Unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP cables)
Shielded twisted-pair cables (STP cables)
The total number of pairs in a cable varies.
Twisting of the cables cancels out electrical noise from
adjacent pairs.
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Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) Cable
UTP is the most popular type of twisted-pair cable.
It is the most popular LAN cabling.
The maximum cable length segment is 100 meters.
UTP specifications govern how many twists are
permitted per foot of cable.
The number of twists allowed depends on the purpose
to which the cable will be put.
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There are 7 standard categories of UTP:-
• Category 1 - refers to traditional UTP telephone cable that carry voice but not data
transmissions.
• Category 2 - certifies UTP cable for data transmissions up to 4 megabits per second
(Mbps). It consists of four twisted pairs.
• Category 3 - certifies UTP cable for data transmissions up to 16 Mbps. It consists of
four twisted pairs of copper wire with three twists per foot.
• Category 4 - certifies UTP cable for data transmissions up to 20 Mbps. It consists of
four twisted pairs of copper wire.
• Category 5 - certifies UTP cable for data transmissions up to 100 Mbps. It consists of
four twisted pairs of copper wire.
• Category 5e - Improved version of cat 5 category. The bandwidth is 1000MBPS.
• Category 6 Similar to CAT5 wire, but contains a physical separator between the 4
pairs to further reduce electromagnetic interference.
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UTP Cable
UTP is particularly susceptible to crosstalk.
Greater number of twists per foot of cable, the more effective the
protection against crosstalk.
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Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP) Cable
STP cable uses a wounded copper-braid jacket that is more protective and of a higher
quality.
STP advantage
• Provides better performance than UTP in environments with:-
- high noise levels
- high levels of unwanted electrical signals.
STP disadvantage
• It is more labor-intensive than UTP to install.
• Not all LAN systems work readily over STP.
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Twisted-Pair Cable Components
• Connection hardware -Twisted-pair cable uses RJ-45
(Registered Jack 45) telephone connectors to connect to a
computer or Network Interface Card (NIC).
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NIC (Network Interface Card)
NIC (network interface card)—The device (pronounced nick)
inside a computer that connects a computer to the network
media.
NIC-Network Adapters
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Coaxial Cable
It consists of a core of copper wire surrounded by
insulation, a braided metal shielding, and an outer cover.
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Coaxial Cable
The core of a coaxial cable carries the electronic signals that
make up the data.
Surrounding the core is a dielectric insulating layer that
separates it from the braided shielding .
The braided shielding acts as a ground and protects the core
from electrical noise and crosstalk.
A non-conducting outer shield—usually made of rubber or
plastic—surrounds the entire cable.
Coaxial cable is more resistant to interference and
attenuation than twisted-pair cabling.
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Types of Coaxial Cable
There are two types of coaxial cable:
Thin (thinnet) cable
Thick (thicknet) cable
Thinnet Cable: is a flexible coaxial cable about 0.64 centimeters thick.
Thinnet coaxial cable can carry a signal for a distance of up to
approximately 185 meters before the signal starts to suffer from
attenuation.
Thicknet Cable: is a relatively rigid coaxial cable about 1.27
centimeters in diameter.
Thicknet cable can carry a signal for 500 meters.
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Coaxial-Cable Connection Hardware
The BNC cable connector: is used to connect the end of the
cable to a device, such as a TV set. .
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Coaxial Cable
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The BNC barrel connector: This connector is used to
join two lengths of thinnet cable to make one longer length.
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Coaxial Cable Advantages
It is less susceptible to interference than twisted-pair cable.
It can transmit data for greater distances .
It can transmit voice, video, and data.
Offer a familiar technology with reasonable data security.
Coaxial Cable Disadvantages
Due to its high metallic content, coaxial cable is usually
more expensive than twisted pair cables.
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Fiber-Optic Cable
It contains glass (or in some cases, plastic) fibers rather than
copper wire.
Signals are transmitted across these fibers in the form of light
pulses rather than electrical pulses.
Optical fiber strands are thin filaments of glass consisting of an
inner core and an outer cladding.
The diameter of the core varies with the type of optical fiber.
Single-mode optical fiber has a core diameter of approximately
8.5 µm.
Multimode optical fiber has a core diameter of 62.5 µm.
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Fibber optic (outdoor)
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Optical Fiber Advantages
The bandwidth of optical fiber is greater than that of twisted-pair or
coaxial cable.
Optical signals through glass encounter less loss than electrical
signals through copper.
It has lower attenuation and higher bandwidth than copper.
Resist to electromagnetic interference since signal is sent as light and
not as electricity.
Optical fiber disadvantage
Conversions of light to electricity, more expensive electronics are
required .
Requires specialized installation procedures.
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