LESSON IV

First Law of Thermodynamics

(Part 1)
Instructor:
Engr. Lester Vincent C. Villanueva
USEFUL
  INFORMATION
 The first law of thermodynamics deals with the law of conservation of energy. The law of
conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it just
transforms into another form/s.
 To apply the first law of thermodynamics, two thermodynamic systems are considered in
this lesson, namely, the CLOSED SYSTEM & OPEN SYSTEM.

Conservation of Energy for any System

 For any system, the energy entering the system minus the energy leaving the system is
equal to the change of stored energy of the system.

where: - energy entering the system

- energy leaving the system
- change of energy stored within the system
FIRST COROLLARY OF THE FIRST LAW
 The first corollary (a proposition that follows from one already proved) of the first law of
thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy to the closed system or
control mass. (Burghardt & Harbach, 1993)
 Closed system is also known as a fixed or controlled mass system. It could be a non-flow
closed system or steady-flow closed system.

FIRST LAW FOR A CONTROLLED MASS OR CLOSED SYSTEM

 Two closed systems are being considered here, the non-flow closed system and steady-
flow closed system.
Non-flow Closed System
 Non-flow closed system is a system in which work produced is done by a moving
boundary, as with the case of piston-cylinder device.
  
 Applying the principle of the first law to the figure,

Integrating both sides of the equation,

where: =
 If and are negligible,
=

where: – heat transfer, kJ, Btu

- change in stored energy of the system, kJ, Btu
– change of internal energy of the system, kJ, Btu
– change of potential energy of the system, kJ, Btu
– change of kinetic energy of the system, kJ, BTU
– non-flow work of the system, kJ, Btu
  For unit mass analysis,

where: – unit mass transfer, kJ/kg, Btu/lb

– unit mass change of internal energy, kJ/kg, Btu/lb
– unit mass non-flow work, kJ/kg, Btu/lb

Steady Flow Closed System

 It is a closed system in which there is no continuous flow of working substance circulating
inside the system and the system is undergoing a cycle. Work is produced because of the
cyclic change of the system.
Applying
  the principle of the first law to the figure,
, where
Note: for the assumption that both heat and work enter and leave the system as it undergo the cyclic process.

Then;
LESSON IV
First Law of Thermodynamics
(Part 2)
Instructor:
Engr. Lester Vincent C. Villanueva
SECOND COROLLARY OF THE FIRST LAW
 The second corollary of the first law of thermodynamics is the application of the
conservation of energy to an open system. (Burghardt & Harbach, 1993)
 There are two types of an open system being here, namely: steady-flow open system &
unsteady-flow or transient flow open system.
 Open system is also called as fixed volume in space or controlled-volume.

STEADY-FLOW OPEN SYSTEM

 It is a system in which the mass entering the system is equal to the mass leaving the
system; it is also a system in which energy entering the system is equal to the energy
leaving the system.
 The change of stored mass and the change in stored energy are zero.
Considerations for Steady Flow Open System
To analyze a steady flow open system, the following considerations are being considered:
 The mass rate of flow into the system is equal to that from the system
 The rate of flow of heat (Q) and work (W) are constant
 The state of the working substance at any point in the system remains constant
 For the determination of properties, one-dimensional flow at inlet and exit boundaries of
the system is assumed; properties are then handled as though uniform across the section
Consideration
  of Energy for Steady Flow Open System

 Considering the figure,

but:
then:
 For unit mass analysis,
APPLICATIONS OF STEADY FLOW OPEN SYSTEM
Adiabatic Turbine
 It is an engine, equipment, or prime mover that convert enthalpic energy into mechanical
energy
 Turbine could be a steam turbine, water turbine, air turbine, or gas turbine
 Turbine’s process is adiabatic; means there is no heat transfer from the surroundings to the
turbine or from the turbine to the surroundings
Analysis:
 
From the general energy equation:

For adiabatic turbine,

Then solving for Turbine Work, W,

If and ,
- kW, Btu/min, Hp
For unit mass analysis,
- kJ/kg, Btu/lb
Ex.  1] The power output of an adiabatic turbine is 5kW, and the inlet conditions of the steam
are as indicated in the figure.
a) Compute for the values of
b) Determine the work done per unit mass of the steam flowing through the turbine
c) Calculate the mass flow rate of steam
Compressors & Pumps
 These are machines that are utilized to compress, or raise the pressure of the fluid or gas
passing through them
 Compressor is a machine that transports gas from one point to another point of higher
energy level; it is capable of compressing the gas to a very high pressure
 Pump is a machine that transports liquid; the work is very much like that of the compressor
except that it handles liquids instead of gases
Analysis:
 
From the general energy equation:

Where

If and ,
– kW, Btu/min, Hp
For unit mass analysis,
– kJ/kg, Btu/lb
ASSESSMENT TASK
AT. 1] Consider an under ground water source whose free surface is 60 m below ground level.
The water is to be raised 5 m above the ground by a pump. The diameter of the pipe is 10 cm
at the inlet and 15 cm at the exit. Neglecting any heat inter action with the surroundings and
frictional heating effects, determine the power input to the pump required for steady flow of
work at a rate of 15 lps.
AT. 2] a water pump is to be used in a water supply system as shown in the figure. The
pressure at point 1 is and the pressure at point 2 is The velocity in the 60-mm pipe is 2 m/s.
Find the pump power. Neglect friction, and assume no change of internal energy of the water
and no heat transfer between point 1 and 2. Take the density of water at standard condition.
LESSON IV
First Law of Thermodynamics
(Part 3)
Instructor:
Engr. Lester Vincent C. Villanueva
Boiler or Steam Generator
 Boiler is a vapor generator in which a liquid, say water, is converted into a vapor, say
steam, by addition of heat
 A boiler used to generate steam is also called as steam generator

 The condition of liquid at 1 could be saturated liquid or sub-cooled or compressed liquid

 The condition of liquid at 2 could be saturated vapor or superheated vapor
Analysis:
 
For the conservation of mass

From the general energy equation:

Where , , &
Then, – kW, Btu/min, Hp
For unit mass analysis:
- kJ/kg, Btu/lb
Ex.  1] Liquid water enters a boiler at temperature of and a pressure of , and leaves as steam at
a temperature of and . Determine the heat transferred if the water mass flow rate is .
Ex.  2] A steady-flow electric steam generator generating at atmospheric pressure uses of
water at and transform it into steam at . Calculate the electrical power requirement of the
steam generator. The enthalpy of the water is and that of the steam is .
Condenser
 Condenser is basically defined as an apparatus that condenses a substance from its vapor phase to its
liquid phase by extracting heat from the substance
 In steam power plant, condenser is a component used to maintain vacuum conditions on the exhaust
of prime mover by transfer of heat to circulating water or air at the lowest ambient temperature
 In refrigeration system application, condenser is used to reject heat from the refrigerant at a relatively
high temperature and pressure in order to convert refrigerant vapor into liquid
 condenser is generally classified as surface condenser and contact condenser. In a surface condenser,
there is no direct mixing of vapor and the coolant; while in the contact condenser, there is a direct
mixing of the vapor and coolant in the extraction of heat

 The condition of liquid at the inlet may be saturated vapor or wet vapor and in the outlet, the liquid
could be saturated liquid or sub-cooled
Analysis:
 
From the general energy equation,

Where , , &
Then, – kW, Btu/min, Hp
Using Heat Balance, Heat Rejected by vapor = Heat Absorbed by the coolant,