College of Engineering

Introduction to Wind Energy

James McCalley ([email protected])
Honors 322W, Wind Energy Honors Seminar

January 24, 2011

Discovery with Purpose www.engineering.iastate.edu

College of Engineering

Overview
• Some preliminaries
• Background on Wind
Energy in US
• Grand challenge questions

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 College of Engineering
A lawnmower engine is 3HP (2.2kW or 0.0022 MW).
Typical car engine is 200 HP (150kw or 0.15MW).

Some preliminaries
Typical home demands 1.2kW at any given moment, on avg.
1MW=106watts106w/1200w=833 homes powered by a MW.
Ames peak demand is about 126MW.
• Power: MW=1341HP. The US has 1,121,000MW of power plant capacity.

• Energy: MWhr=3.413MMbtu (106btu); 1btu=1055joules

1 gallon gasoline=0.0334MWhr; Typical home uses 11000kWhrs=11MWhrs in 1 year.
• E=P×T 1 ton coal=6MWhrs.
• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 1.5 MW for 2 hrs: 3 MWhrs.
• Run 1.5 MW turbine at 0.5 MW for 2 hrs: 1MWhrs

Capacity, Prated Power, P Time, T Energy, E

• If P varies with t: • Capacity Actual annual
energy production
Power, P(t) 8760
1.5 MW T factor:  P(t)dt as a percentage of
annual energy
E   P(t)dt 0
CF  production at Prated
Time, t 
0 Prated  8760
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College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

U.S. Annual
& Cumulative
Wind Power
Capacity
Growth

But what
happened in
2010?

Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report

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College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

2010 is
different!

Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market

Report 5
College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

Percentage of
New Capacity
Additions.

Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report

6
College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

US
Generation
mix

Source: AWEA 2010 Annual Wind Report

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College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

U.S. Wind
Power
Capacity By
State

Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market

Report 8
 College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

U.S.
Wind
Power
Capacity Source: AWEA Wind Power Outlook 2010

By State Source: AWEA 2010 Third Quarter Market Report

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College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

Market share
of total 2008
wind
installations

Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report

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College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

Ownership
by company
and by
regulated
utility

Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report

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College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

Wind plant
size

Source: AWEA 2009 Annual Wind Report

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 Background on Wind Energy in US
College of Engineering

29 states, differing in % (10-40), timing (latest is 2030), eligible

technologies/resources (all include wind)
WA: 15% by 2020* VT: (1) RE meets any increase ME: 30% by 2000
New RE: 10% by 2017
MN: 25% by 2025 in retail sales by 2012;
MT: 15% by 2015 (2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017 ☼ NH: 23.8% by 2025
(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
ND: 10% by 2015 MI: 10% + 1,100 MW ☼ MA: 15% by 2020
☼ OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)* by 2015* + 1% annual increase
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities) (Class I Renewables)
SD: 10% by 2015 WI: Varies by utility; ☼ NY: 24% by 2013
10% by 2015 goal RI: 16% by 2020
☼ NV: 25% by 2025* CT: 23% by 2020
IA: 105 MW ☼ OH: 25% by 2025†
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) ☼ PA: 18% by 2020†
10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)* WV: 25% by 2025*†
☼ IL: 25% by 2025
☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
CA: 33% by 2020 UT: 20% by 2025* KS: 20% by 2020 VA: 15% by 2025*
☼ MD: 20% by 2022
☼ MO: 15% by 2021
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025 ☼ DE: 20% by 2019*
☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis) ☼ DC: 20% by 2020
☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
10% by 2020 (co-ops)

TX: 5,880 MW by 2015

29 states & DC
HI: 40% by 2030 have an RPS
6 states have goals
State renewable portfolio standard ☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
State renewable portfolio goal
Solar water heating eligible *†
Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes non-renewable alternative resources

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 College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

Tax
incentives

• Federal Incentives:
• Renewed incentives Feb 2009 through 12/31/12, via ARRA
• 2.1 cents per kilowatt-hour PTC or 30% investment tax credit (ITC)
• State incentives:
• IA: 1.5¢/kWhr for small wind, 1¢/kWhr for large wind
• Various other including sales & property tax reductions
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 College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

Congressional bills
Waxman-Markey Energy & Kerry-Graham Climate Bill
Climate Bill (House, passed) (Senate)
2012 renewables target 6% of electric energy renewable
In separate bill (Bingaman)
2020 renewables target 20%
2012 Emissions target Cuts by 3% (2005 baseline)
2013 Emissions target Cuts by 4.25% (2005 baseline)
2020 Emissions target Cuts by 17% (2005 baseline) Cuts by 20% (2005 baseline)
2030 Emissions target Cuts by 42% (2005 baseline) 42% (2005 baseline)
2050 Emissions target Cuts by 83% (2005 baseline) 83% (2005 baseline)

Emissions reductions are “economy wide” but there is

interest to focus on utilities first, and perhaps only.
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College of Engineering

Background on Wind Energy in US

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 College of Engineering

Solar, 0.09 8.45 12.68

Nuclear, Electric 27.39
6.82 Unused
8.45 Generation
20.54 39.97 Energy
Hydro, 2.45 (Losses)
57.07
Residenti
Wind, 0.51
al
Geotherma 11.48
l 0.35

Commerci
Natural al
Gas 23.84 8.58 Used
Energy
42.15

Coal Industrial
22.42 23.94
8.58

Biomass 20.9
3.88

Trans-
26.33 portation
Petroleum 27.86 6.9
37.13 5
LightDuty: 17.12Q
Freight: 7.55Q
Aviation: 3.19Q 17
College of Engineering

US ENERGY USE IS 68% ELECTRIC &

TRANSPORTATION

GREENING ELECTRIC & ELECTRIFYING

TRANSPORTATION SOLVES THE EMISSIONS PROBLEM

US CO2 EMISSIONS* IS 60%

ELECTRIC & TRANSPORTATION

* Anthropogenic

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 College of Engineering

Solar, 1.0 15 12.68

INCREASE Non-CO2 Electric 25.7
Unuse
Nuclear, 15 6.82 d
Generation

US
20.54 49.72 Energy
Hydro, 2.95 12Q to

E
(Losse
12Q

11
30Q s)

Q
Residenti 43.0
Wind, 8.1
TO
al

El
Geotherma 11.48

e ct
1Q

l 3.04

ric
2
AL

Commerci

fo r
Natural
CO

al
Gas 23.84 Used

tra
8.58
CE

Energy

ns
IGCC, 3 42.15
DU

po
RE

r ta t
Old Coal Industrial
10.42 23.94

ion
8.58

Biomass 8.5
3.88

Trans-
5Q
4.26.33 portation
Petroleum 15.5 6.9
15.13 5
REDUCE PETROLEUM 37Q15Q LightDuty: 8.56Q
19 Freight: 3.75Q
19
Aviation: 3.19Q
 Forecasted Hi Hi IGCC/CCS Hi Wind
NERC, 2018
College of Engineering Eff&Renewable NAE, 2035 ISU, 2035
UCS (NEMS),
Technolg 2030
y ∆GW Overnight ∆GW Overnight ∆GW Overnight ∆GW Overnight
cost cost cost cost
Trillion $ Trillion $ Trillion $ Trillion $

Con Solar 20.4 0.102 238 1.195 - 0 65.5 0.329

PV solar - 0 174 1.051 - 0 58.9 0.356
Nuclear 14.8 0.049 4.4 0.015 100 0.332 60.9 0.202
Wind 229 0.440 670 1.288 350 0.673 630 1.211
onshore
Wind - 0 62 0.239 - 0 80 0.307
offshore
Geothrml 0.4 .002 31.8 0.127 - 0 106 0.424
Coal 19 0.039 red 0 red 0 red 0
convntnl
IGCC+seq - 0 7 0.024 400 1.400 29.5 0.103
20
NGCC 107 0.103 - 0 - 0 - 0
Biomass
College of Engineering

Grand Challenge Question For Energy:

What investments should be made, how

much, when, and where, at the national level,
over the next 40 years, to achieve a
sustainable, low cost, and resilient energy &
transportation system?

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College of Engineering

SOLAR CLEAN-FOSSIL GEOTHERMAL

Where, when, how much of each,

& how to interconnect?

NUCLEAR
BIOMASS Wind
College of Engineering

Grand Challenges For Wind:

1. Move wind energy from 3. Improve wind turbine/farm
where it is harvested to economics (decrease
where it can be used investment and
2. Develop economically- maintenance costs,
attractive methods to increase operating
accommodate increased revenues).
variability and uncertainty 4. Address potential
introduced by large wind concerns about local
penetrations in operating siting, including wildlife,
the grid. aesthetics, and impact on
agriculture.

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College of Engineering

How to address grand challenges

#1. Move wind energy from where it is harvested to
where it can be used.
• Transmission
• National Superhighway at 765 kV AC and/or 600/800 kV DC
• Right of way: Rail, interstate highways, existing transmission
• Conductor technologies: overhead/underground, materials
• Bulk storage
• An energy capacity issue
• Pumped storage, compressed air, heat, other novel approaches
• A control and coordination problem

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College of Engineering

How to address grand challenges

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College of Engineering

How to address grand challenges

#2. Develop economically-attractive methods to accom-
modate increased variability and uncertainty introduced by
large wind penetrations in operating the grid.
• Increase geodiversity
• Improve forecasting/handling uncertainty in dispatch
• Increase gas turbines
• Wind turbine control
• Load control
• Storage
• A power capacity issue
• Pumped storage, compressed air, batteries, flywheels
• A control and coordination problem
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College of Engineering

How to address grand challenges

#3. Improve wind turbine/farm economics (decrease
investment and maintenance costs, increase operating
revenues).
• Improve manufacturing and supply chain processes
• Enhanced energy extraction from wind per unit land area
• Improved turbine siting
• Inter-turbine and inter-farm control
• Increased efficiency of drive-train/generator/converters
• Lighter, stronger materials and improved control of rotor blades
• Taller turbines
• Improve monitoring and evaluation for health assessment and prediction

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 College of Engineering

How to address grand challenges

#4. Address potential concerns about local siting,
including wildlife, aesthetics, and impact on
agriculture.
• Migratory birds and bats: mainly a siting issue
• Aesthetics: a sociological issue
• Agriculture: Agronomists indicate wind turbines may help!
These issues have not been significant yet. Today, in Iowa, there
are 2100 turbines, with capacity 3700 MW. At 2 MW/turbine, a
growth to 60 GW would require 30000 turbines, and assuming
turbines are located only on cropland having class 3 or better
winds (about 1/6 of the state), this means these regions would see,
on average, one turbine every 144 acres.
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