Chapter 1

Introduction

Applied Electromagnetics:
Early Transmission Lines Approach
Stuart M. Wentworth

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-1

Wentworth 9/25/07, Wiley
 Learning Objectives
• Introduce concept of electric & magnetic fields
• Describe the electromagnetic spectrum
• Explain how electromagnetics is fundamental to wireless
communications
• Provide guidelines for numeric precision and the handling of
dimensions
• Provide a tutorial introduction to MATLAB
• Review basic wave propagation
• Describe use of phasors for representing time-harmonic signals

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-2

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 Key Historical Events in Electromagnetics(1/2)

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-3

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 Key Historical Events in Electromagnetics(2/2)

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-4

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 Electric Fields
• A field is the mapping of a spatial scalar or vector quantity
• Electric charge is a source of electric field
– Field lines begin on positive charge and end on negative
charge
• A capacitor stores energy in the electric field within the
dielectric between the capacitor’s charged plates
• Most dielectrics are characterized by their permittivity 
– ro
– ris the relative permittivity (sometimes termed dielectric
constant)
– o is the free space permittivity
o = 8.854 x 10-12 Farads/meter
Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-5
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 Magnetic Fields
• Magnetic field is generated by moving charges
• Magnetic field lines form closed loops
• An inductor stores energy in the magnetic field
• A typical inductor is a coil of wire wrapped around magnetic
material characterized by permeability  = r o
– r = relative permeability
– o = free space permeability
o = 4 x 10-7 Henrys/meter

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-6

Wentworth 9/25/07, Wiley
 Electric and Magnetic Fields are Linked
• Time-varying magnetic field produces electric field (Faraday)
• Time-varying electric field produces magnetic field (Maxwell)
• The linked fields are termed the electromagnetic field
• A time-varying source will generate an electromagnetic wave
• Energy is carried by this wave, propagating at the speed of light

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-7

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 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

In vacuum, wavelength and

frequency f are related by the
speed of light:

c=f

c = 2.998 x 108 meters/second

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-8

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 Cellular Telephone System
Electromagnetics plays a major role in many aspects of tower grid
wireless communications

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-9

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 Dealing with Units
• Use engineering notation to report large or small numbers
• Report numbers to appropriate precision
• Use the dimensional equation approach

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-10

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 Example 1.1: dimensional equation and digits

Find the energy associated with a photon at 100. GHz.

The energy U of a photon is given by U = hf, where f is frequency

and h is Planck’s constant (h = 6.63 x 10-34 Joules-sec)

6.63 x 10-34J sec 100. GHz 109 Hz 1

U  6.63 x 10-23 J.
GHz sec-Hz

• unity ratios convert the units in the dimensional equation

• answer is reported to 3 significant digits

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-11

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 MATLAB for Electromagnetics
• MATLAB (Matrix laboratory) is a powerful tool for numerical
computation and graphing output
• Understanding some of the concepts of electromagnetics is
enhanced by MATLAB demonstrations
• Numerous examples and problems in the text employ
MATLAB

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 Starting screen for MATLAB 7.01

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-13

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 MATLAB version of Example 1.1

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-14

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 MATLAB parallel plate capacitor program

 r o S
C
d

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-15

Wentworth 9/25/07, Wiley
 Simple MATLAB plot for parallel plate capacitor
% Initialize variables
S=1e-4; er=2.1; eo=8.854e-12;
d=[1e-4 1.2e-4 1.4e-4 1.6e-4 1.8e-4 2e-4];

% Perform calculation
Cap=er*eo*S./d;

% Create plot
plot(d,Cap)

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-16

Wentworth 9/25/07, Wiley
 Better MATLAB plot for parallel plate capacitor

% Initialize variables
S=1e-4; er=2.1;
eo=8.854e-12;
d=1e-4:0.2e-4:2e-4;

% Perform calculation
Cap=er*eo*S./d;

% Create plot
plot(d,Cap)
xlabel('separation distance d (m)')
ylabel('Capacitance (F)')
title('Parallel Plate Capacitor')
grid on
Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-17
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 Wave Fundamentals
The general equation for a sinusoidal wave traveling in the +z
direction is

A  z, t   Aoe z cos  t   z   
where Ao e  z is the amplitude
Ao is the amplitude at z = 0
 is the attenuation constant in Nepers/meter
 t   z    is the phase
 is the angular frequency (  2 f ) in radians/second
 is the phase constant in radians/meter
 is the phase shift

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-18

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 Sinusoidal plot at z = 0 versus time
A
o
A(0,t)

1
T
TT
f
-A o
t (seconds)

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-19

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 Sinusoidal plot at z = 0 with phase shift  = -45 deg
Ao

45 o
A(0,t)

-Ao
t (seconds)

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-20

Wentworth 9/25/07, Wiley
 Sinusoidal plot at t = 0 versus z
Ao
A(z,0)

2

 
-Ao
z (meters)

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-21

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 Sinusoidal plot at t = 0 with attenuation
Ao

-az
e
A(z,0)

-Ao
z (meters)

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-22

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 Wave propagation
Ao


propagation velocity u p    f

A(z,t)

-Ao
z (meters)

MATLAB 1.5 is a traveling wave animation

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-23
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 Example 1.2: wave equation for electric field
We want to write a wave equation for the case where we have a
100 MHz electric field with 1 V/m amplitude propagating in the +
z direction in air.
 Assume air is a lossless medium, so  = 0
 Given f = 100 MHz, angular frequency  = 200 x 106 rad/s
 In air, where c ≈ 3 x 108 m/s, wavelength  = c/f = 3m
V

 Thus: E  z , t   1cos 200 x106 t   2 3 z    m.
 If we assume phase shift = 0, then
V
E  z , t   1cos  200 x106 t   2 3 z  .
m

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-24

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 Phasors
• Fields that vary sinusoidally with position and time are called
time-harmonic fields
• Time-harmonic signals may be represented by phasors
• A phasor gives the magnitude and the phase of a sinusoidal
wave
• Use of phasors can simplify mathematics

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-25

Wentworth 9/25/07, Wiley
 Phasors
cosine function plot synchronized with polar plot

Euler's identity: e j  cos   j sin 

re j  r   r cos   jr sin 

MATLAB 1.6 displays an animation of this relationship

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-26
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 Phasor representation of a wave

consider: A  z , t   Ao cos  t   z 

with Euler's identity, this can be written

A  z , t   Re  Ao e
 j  t   z 
  Re  Ao e  j  z e jt 
  

The phasor form of the wave removes the

time dependence (and suppresses the "Re[ ]"),
giving: As  Ao e  j  z

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-27

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 End of Chapter 1

Applied Electromagnetics: Early Transmission Lines Approach Chap 1-28

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