DYQ10012

INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE
 CHAPTER 2

INTRODUCTION, HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF AQUACULTURE

INDUSTRY
 TOPIC OUTLINES

2.1 Introduction of Aquaculture

2.2 History of Aquaculture

2.3 Importance of Aquaculture Industry

 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Introduction of Aquaculture

AQUACULTURE
• the farming of aquatic organisms in both coastal
and inland areas involving interventions in the
rearing process to enhance production.

• it is probably the fastest growing food-producing

sector and now accounts for 50 percent of the
world's fish that is used for food.

Source: www.fao.org
OBJECTIVES
• Increasing food production

• Supplementing or replacing capture fishery production of over-exploited

fish & shellfish stocks

• Generating new source of employment

• Development of rural areas through integrated projects

• Using waste lands productively

• Promoting agro-industrial development; marketing of fishery products,

feeds and equipment for aquaculture, etc.
CLASSIFICATION
Freshwate
r

Based on the
environment
:

Marin Brackis
e h water
 Fin fish
culture

Seaweed Molluscan
culture Based on the culture
type of
organism
cultured:

Live-feed Crustacean
culture culture
 Based on the
type of culture method:

Extensive Intensive
• Basic • Relies on technology

• Utilizes natural • An external food supply.

photosynthetic E.g. : pellets
production of food to
feed the fish. E.g. : algae

• Isn't the most • Requires constant

productive, but it maintenance and
requires little labor, low vigilance
overhead, and very little
input from the farmer.
 Pond culture

Based on the
Recirculation
Cage culture
system type of
culture
systems/
techniques
:

Raceway
Tank culture
culture
FRESHWATER FARMED SPECIES

TILAPIA AFRICAN CATFISH

FRESHWATER FARMED SPECIES

GIANT FRESWATER PRAWN SNAKE HEAD

FRESHWATER FARMED SPECIES

CARPS RIVER CATFISH

MARINE FARMED SPECIES

SEA BASS GROUPER

MARINE FARMED SPECIES

MANGROVE SNAPPER RED SNAPPER

MARINE FARMED SPECIES

SEA BREAM
YELLOWTAIL
 CHAPTER 2

2.2 History of Aquaculture

 • Introduce by China
Pond culture • Culture of carp species

• Evolved directly from capture fisheries

Cage culture in Cambodia through fisherman
• Small -scale

Brackish • A centuries-old, it was practiced by

water culture Indonesia, Philippines and Taiwan
• But it is originated in Java
in pond
Seawee • Began about 400
yeas ago
d • Japan
culture
• 600 years ago in
Mollusc France
• 300 years ago in
culture Japan
WORLD HISTORY OF
AQUACULTURE INDUSTRY
Early history

• Began in China (3500 BC)

• Farming of common carp
• Grown in pond
• Carp are native to China

Why carp ?
• Good to eat, easy to culture, prolific breeders, not a
cannibal species, grow fast
  The farming of common carp was banned because of
the Chinese word of common carp sounded like
Emperor’s family name (Li).

 Development of polyculture (growing multiple species

in the same ponds).

 The Chinese were able to simultaneously breed four

different species of carp, the mud carp, which are
bottom feeders, silver carp and bighead carp, which
are midwater feeders, and grass carp which are top
feeders.

During Tang Dynasty  Another development was a fortunate genetic

mutation of the domesticated carp, which led to the
development of goldfish.
 HISTORY OF AQUACULTURE IN MALAYSIA
 Fishing activities began in the country for so long.

 Fisheries Department - 1894 - lead to such activities until now.

 The fishermen - 89,000 - farmers in aquaculture - 20, 000 - fishing a

rapid pace – technology introduced - Third National Agriculture Policy
(1991-2010).

 Historical development of fishing activities - involvement of experts in

fisheries research - including the latest technology of freezing fish sperm.
 1920’ 1930’ 1940’ 1950’

• Extensive polyculture • Developed marine • Culture of blood • Extensive culture of

in ex-mining pools shrimp trapping cockles (Anadara freshwater fish in
pond granosa) began earthen ponds
• Introduced Chinese
carps, mainly:

• Bighead carp
(Hypophthalmichthys
nobilis)
• Silver carp
(Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix)
• Grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon
idellus)
 1970’ 1980’ 1990’

• Floating net cage culture • Started commercial • Aquaculture activities

of marine fish aquaculture was made were further enhanced
possible through the
• Mainly the green grouper establishment of • Introduction of intensive
(Epinephelus coioides) government and private commercial aquaculture
owned fish and shrimp with very high stocking
• Followed by the raft hatcheries density
culture of green mussels
• Setting up of private feed • Complete dependence on
mills in the 1980’s also supplementary feeding
contributed to the
commercialization of
aquaculture
DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE
INDUSTRY IN WORLD

Source: FAO, 2018

DEVELOPMENT OF AQUACULTURE
INDUSTRY IN MALAYSIA

Source: MOA, 2019

 AQUACULTURE RELATED COMPANIES
COMPANY STATE SPECIES
Aman Bumi Aquaculture Sdn. Bhd. Perak Udang Harimau ( Tiger Prawn )
Pnk Sungai Belanak Pulau Pinang Kerang ( Cockles )
Jaya Ikan Enterprise Selangor Tilapia Merah ( Red Tilapia )
Chin Ho Aquaculture Terengganu Baung/ Tilapia Merah ( River Catfish/
Red Tilapia )
Persatuan Nelayan Tanjung Tanjung Kedah Kerapu/ Siakap ( Grouper / Seabass )
Dawai
Ppk Tg Ipoh Negeri Sembilan Udang Galah ( Giant Freshwater )
Song Cheng Enterprise M Sdn. Bhd. Pahang Belut/ Tilapia Merah ( Eel / Red
Tilapia )
Sweden Camaros Sdn. Bhd. Kelantan Udang Harimau ( Tiger Prawn )
PPES Aqua Santubong Sdn. Bhd. Sarawak Whiteleg shrimp
Haiky Aquaculture Sdn.Bhd. Sabah Tiger Grouper

Source: www.dof.gov.my
 CHAPTER 2

2.3 Importance Of Aquaculture

Industry
 As main
source of
protein

Source of
Encourage
employment
downstream
& wealth
industry
IMPORTANCE OF creation
AQUACULTURE
INDUSTRY

Contribute to Aquaculture
national product as
foreign national food
exchange security
1.Main source of protein

Fish is a vital source of food for people.

It is man’s most important single source of high-quality

protein, providing ∼16% of the animal protein consumed by the
world’s population (FAO, 1997).

It is a particularly important protein source in regions where livestock

is relatively scarce.
1.Main source of protein
The FAO estimates - one billion people world-wide rely on fish as
their primary source of animal protein (FAO, 2000).

However, capture fisheries have not been able to keep pace with
growing demand - many marine fisheries have already been over-
fished.

In the period 1990–1997, fish consumption increased by 31% while

the supply from marine capture fisheries increased by only 9% (FAO,
1999).
1.Main source of protein
To meet the ever-increasing demand for fish, aquaculture has
expanded very rapidly and is now the fastest growing food-producing
industry in the world. FAO (2000) estimates that by 2030, over half of
the fish consumed by the world’s people will be produced by
aquaculture.

Total aquaculture production increased from 10 million tonnes of fish

in 1984 to 38 million tonnes in 1998 (FAO, 2000), and a growth rate of
11% per year has aquaculture on a pace to surpass beef production
by 2010. 
2.Source of employment & wealth creation
In 2016,
the most recent official statistics indicate that
Many millions of people around the world 59.6 million people were engaged in capture
find a source of income and livelihood in fisheries and aquaculture
the fisheries and aquaculture sectors.
- 19.3 million people engaged in aquaculture
- 40.3 million people engaged in fisheries.

More than 19 million (32 percent of all people employed in the

sectors) were engaged in aquaculture, concentrated primarily in
- Asia : 96 percent of all aquaculture engagement
- Latin America and the Caribbean : 2 percent of the total or
3.8 million people
- Africa : 1.6 percent or 3.0 million people
- Europe, North America and Oceania each had less than 1
percent of the global population engaged in the sectors.
2.Source of employment & wealth creation
Aquaculture can play a broader role in developing
countries, through poverty reduction and food
security.

This multilevel benefit is also recognized in Latin

America and the Caribbean region; the countries have
identified six main objectives for aquaculture, namely:
• (a) increase in export-derived income;
• (b) generation of employment;
• (c) increase in protein consumption;
• (d) better food security;
• (e) poverty alleviation;
• (f) stemming of rural migration.
2.Source of employment & wealth creation
Activities such as :
- processing,
- packaging,
Labour is needed for pond construction,
repairs and fish harvesting. - marketing and distribution,
The total number of people benefiting from - manufacturing of fish-processing equipment,
direct employment in aquaculture is difficult - net and gear making,
to estimate because households are rarely - ice production and supply,
engaged full time in fish farming.
- boat construction and maintenance,
- research and
- administration.

All of this employment, together with dependants, is

estimated to support the livelihoods of 660–820 million
people, or about 10–12 percent of the world’s
population.
3.Aquaculture product as national food
security
The aquaculture sector is crucial to improving food security and human
nutrition and has an increasingly important role in the fight against hunger, as
articulated in the 2030 Agenda.

Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their
dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.

In low-income countries, staples such as rice, wheat, maize and cassava make
up the bulk of the food consumed by the people, and they supply the majority
of energy and nutrients.
3.Aquaculture product as national food
security
But some essential nutrients are not found in these staples, or are
found only in small quantities, for example, iron, iodine, zinc, calcium,
vitamin A and vitamin B. These nutrients must be supplied by other
foods.

Fish contribution in the supply of these elements and fatty acids that
are necessary for the development can be particularly important.

There is also evidence suggesting that fish can play an important role
in maternal, foetal and neonatal nutrition. An adequate amount of
essential fatty acids (EFA) is important to health and is particularly
important prior to and during pregnancy and lactation.
4.Contribute to national foreign exchange
Aquaculture product is marketed to the wholesalers who also act as traders.

Most of the freshwater aquaculture production such as the walking catfish,

climbing perch (Anabas testudineus), tilapia, giant freshwater prawn, Chinese
carps, river carps and river catfish are marketed locally for domestic consumption.

Some fish, such as the marble goby, giant river prawn (Macrobrachium
rosenbergii), tilapia, walking catfish, snakehead and marine fish fetch quite a
consistent price, whereas the price for the marine shrimp fluctuates depending
on the world market price.
4.Contribute to national foreign exchange
Some of the marine fishes such as the barramundi, groupers, crabs, black tiger
prawns, whiteleg shrimps and some freshwater fishes are exported to Singapore,
Taiwan P.C., China and Hong Kong.

Black tiger prawns and whiteleg shrimp are exported either block frozen or as
value added products to the EU, Japan, USA and Australia. It can be presumed that
almost all of the cultured black tiger produced is processed for the export market.

Malaysia also imports marine fish fry and fingerlings as well as fishmeal. The value
of exports in 2003 was about USD 100 million. 
5.Encourage downstream industry
Fish is a versatile food commodity; the wide variety of species can be
prepared in many different ways.

As fish can spoil more rapidly than many other foods, post-harvest
handling, processing, preservation, packaging, storage and
transportation require particular care to maintain its quality and
nutritional attributes and avoid waste and losses.

Food processing and packaging technology is being developed in many

countries, with increases in the efficiency, effectiveness and profitability
of the use of raw materials and innovation in product diversification.
5.Encourage downstream industry
Fish by-products can serve a wide range of purposes.
Heads, frames and fillet cut-offs and skin can be used directly as food or
processed into
- fish sausages, cakes,
- snacks (crispy snacks, nuggets, biscuits, pies),
- gelatin,
- sauces and other products for human consumption.
- Small fish bones, with a minimum amount of meat, are consumed as
snacks in some Asian countries.

By-products are also used in the production of

- fishmeal and fish oil,
- biodiesel and biogas,
- dietetic products (chitosan),
- pharmaceuticals (including oils),
- natural pigments,
- cosmetics and constituents in other industrial processes.

Seaweeds and other algae are also used as

- food (traditionally in China, Japan and the Republic of
Korea),
- in animal feed,
- fertilizers,
- pharmaceuticals and
- cosmetics and for other purposes.