Programming

Structures

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 Structures

• A Structure is a collection of related data

items, possibly of different types.
• A structure type in C++ is called struct.
• A struct is heterogeneous in that it can be
composed of data of different types.
• In contrast, array is homogeneous since it can
contain only data of the same type.
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 Structures

• Structures hold data that belong together.

• Examples:
– Student record: student id, name, major, gender,
start year, …
– Bank account: account number, name, currency,
balance, …
– Address book: name, address, telephone number,
…
• In database applications, structures are called
records.
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 Structures

• Individual components of a struct type are

called members (or fields).
• Members can be of different types (simple,
array or struct).
• A struct is named as a whole while individual
members are named using field identifiers.
• Complex data structures can be formed by
defining arrays of structs.
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 struct basics

• Definition of a structure:
struct <struct-type>{
Each identifier
<type> <identifier_list>;
<type> <identifier_list>; defines a member
... of the structure.
} ;

• Example:
struct Date { The “Date” structure
int day; has 3 members,
int month; day, month & year.
int year;
} ;
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 struct examples
• Example:
struct StudentInfo{
int Id; The “StudentInfo”
int age;
char Gender; structure has 4 members
double CGA; of different types.
};

• Example:
struct StudentGrade{
char Name[15]; The “StudentGrade”
char Course[9];
int Lab[5]; structure has 5
int Homework[3]; members of
int Exam[2];
}; different array types.
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 struct examples
• Example:
struct BankAccount{
char Name[15];
The “BankAcount”
int AcountNo[10]; structure has simple,
double balance; array and structure
Date Birthday;
};
types as members.

• Example:
struct StudentRecord{
char Name[15]; The “StudentRecord”
int Id; structure has 4
char Dept[5];
char Gender;
members.
};
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 struct basics
• Declaration of a variable of struct type:
<struct-type> <identifier_list>;

• Example:
StudentRecord Student1, Student2;

Student1 and Student2 are variables of StudentRecord type.

Name Name
Student1 Id Id Gender Student2

Gender Dept
Dept

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• A structure contains a number of data types
grouped together. These data types may or
may not be of the same type. The following
example illustrates the use of this data type.
• This program demonstrates two fundamental
aspects of structures:
• (a) declaration of a structure
• (b) accessing of structure elements
 Declaring a Structure
• For example,
struct book
{
char name ;
float price ;
int pages ;
};
struct book b1, b2, b3 ;
• is same as...
struct book {
char name ;
float price ;
int pages ;
} b1, b2, b3 ;
• Write a program for structure whose name is
book having members are name , price and
page no.. User should enter the values and
display the values.
main( )
{
struct book
{
char name ; float price ; int pages ;
};
struct book b1, b2, b3 ;
printf ( "\nEnter names, prices & no. of pages of 3 books\n" ) ;
scanf ( "%c %f %d", &b1.name, &b1.price, &b1.pages ) ;
scanf ( "%c %f %d", &b2.name, &b2.price, &b2.pages ) ;
scanf ( "%c %f %d", &b3.name, &b3.price, &b3.pages ) ;
printf ( "\nAnd this is what you entered" ) ;
printf ( "\n%c %f %d", b1.name, b1.price, b1.pages ) ;
printf ( "\n%c %f %d", b2.name, b2.price, b2.pages ) ;
printf ( "\n%c %f %d", b3.name, b3.price, b3.pages ) ;
}
• And here is the output... Enter names, prices
and no. of pages of 3 books
• A 100.00 354
• C 256.50 682
• F 233.70 512
How Structure Elements are Stored
• /* Memory map of structure elements */ main( ) {
struct book {
char name ;
float price ;
int pages ;
};
struct book b1 = { 'B', 130.00, 550 } ;
printf ( "\nAddress of name = %u", &b1.name ) ;
printf ( "\nAddress of price = %u", &b1.price ) ;
printf ( "\nAddress of pages = %u", &b1.pages ) ;
}
• Here is the output of the program...
• Address of name = 65518
• Address of price = 65519
• Address of pages = 65523
Ex. 2: struct-to-struct assignment
• The values contained in one
struct type variable can be Student1
assigned to another variable of
Chan Tai Man
the same struct type.
12345 M
• Example: COMP
strcpy(Student1.Name,
"Chan Tai Man");
Student1.Id = 12345;
strcpy(Student1.Dept, "COMP");
Student1.gender = 'M'; Chan Tai Man
12345 M
Student2 = Student1;
Student2 COMP
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20
• For example, suppose you want to store data
about a book. You might want to store its
name (a string), its price (a float) and number
of pages in it (an int). If data about say 3 such
books is to be stored, then we can follow two
approaches:
• (a) Construct individual arrays, one for storing
names, another for storing prices and still
another for storing number of pages.
• (b) Use a structure variable.
• main( ) {
• char name[3] ;
• float price[3] ;
• int pages[3], i ;
• printf ( "\nEnter names, prices and no. of pages of 3
books\n" ) ;
• for ( i = 0 ; i <= 2 ; i++ )
• scanf ( "%c %f %d", &name[i], &price[i], &pages[i] );
• printf ( "\nAnd this is what you entered\n" ) ;
• for ( i = 0 ; i <= 2 ; i++ )
• printf ( "%c %f %d\n", name[i], price[i], pages[i] );
• }
• And here is the sample run... Enter names, prices
and no. of pages of 3 books
• A 100.00 354
• C 256.50 682
• F 233.70 512
• And this is what you entered
• A 100.000000 354
• C 256.500000 682
• F 233.700000 512
 Array of Structures
• /* Usage of an array of structures */ main( )
• {
• struct book
• {
• char name ;
• float price ;
• int pages ;
• };
• struct book b[100] ;
• int i ;
• for ( i = 0 ; i <= 99 ; i++ )
• { printf ( "\nEnter name, price and pages " ) ;
• scanf ( "%c %f %d", &b[i].name, &b[i].price, &b[i].pages ) ;
• } for ( i = 0 ; i <= 99 ; i++ ) printf ( "\n%c %f
%d", b[i].name, b[i].price, b[i].pages ) ; }
linkfloat( ) { float a = 0, *b ; b = &a ; /* cause
emulator to be linked */ a = *b ; /* suppress
the warning - variable not used */ }
 Additional Features of Structures
• main( ) { struct employee { char name[10] ; int
age ; float salary ; } ; struct employee e1 =
{ "Sanjay", 30, 5500.50 } ; struct employee e2,
e3 ; /* piece-meal copying */ strcpy
( e2.name, e1.name ) ; e2.age = e1.age ;
• e2.salary = e1.salary ; /* copying all elements
at one go */ e3 = e2 ; printf ( "\n%s %d %f",
e1.name, e1.age, e1.salary ) ; printf ( "\n%s
%d %f", e2.name, e2.age, e2.salary ) ; printf
( "\n%s %d %f", e3.name, e3.age, e3.salary ) ; }
The output of the program would be... Sanjay
30 5500.500000 Sanjay 30 5500.500000
Sanjay 30 5500.500000