Database Management Systems (CS 2004)

KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL

TECHNOLOGY

School Of Computer
Engineering

Dr. Minakhi Rout

Associate Professor [I]
School of Computer  Engineering,
Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT),
Deemed to be University,Odisha

4 Credit Lecture Note 01

Chapter Contents
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 Data & Information

 Drawbacks of File system
 What is Database Management Systems ?
 What is the need of DBMS?
 Examples of DBMS
 Database Types
 Applications of DBMS
 Advantage of DBMS over file system
 Disadvantages of DBMS
 DBMS vs. File System
Data & Information
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 Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a
formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication,
interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machine.
 Generally data is raw and unprocessed.
 Data becomes information when it is processed, turning it into something
meaningful.
 Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values
for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and
actions are based.
Limitations of File-Processing Systems
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 Data Redundancy
• Repetitive data
 Data-inconsistency problem
• Incorrectness of data
 Lack of data integration
• Complex and time consuming
 Data Isolation: Because data are scattered in various files, and files may be in different
formats, writing new application programs to retrieve the appropriate data is difficult.
 Dependency on application programs – Changing files would lead to change in
application programs
Database
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• Database is a collection of interrelated

data
• Database is a shared, integrated
computer structure that
stores:
• End- user data: raw facts of interest to
the end-user
• Meta data: through which the end-user
data are integrated & managed. The
metadata provides a description of the
data characteristics and the set of
relationships that link the data found
within the database
• Database is an organized collection of
data of an organization or enterprise
What is Database Management Systems ?
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 DBMS stands for Database Management System. We can break it like this

DBMS = Database + Management System.
 Database is a collection of data of an organization or enterprise and
Management System is a set of programs to store and retrieve those data. Based
on this we can define DBMS like this:
DBMS is a collection of inter-related data and set of programs to store & access
those data in an easy and effective manner.
 It includes tools to add, modify or delete data from the database, ask questions
(or queries) about the data stored in the database and produce reports.
 DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user & the database
What is the need of DBMS ?
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 Database systems are basically developed for large amount of data. When
dealing with huge amount of data, there are two things that require
optimization: Storage of data and retrieval of data.
 Storage: According to the principles of database systems, the data is
stored in such a way that it acquires lot less space as the redundant
data (duplicate data) has been removed before storage. .
 Fast Retrieval of data: Along with storing the data in an optimized
and systematic manner, it is also important that we retrieve the data
quickly when needed. Database systems ensure that the data is
retrieved as quickly as possible.
Examples of DBMS
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 Here are some examples of popular DBMS used these days:

• MySql
• Oracle
• SQL Server
• IBM DB2
• PostgreSQL
• Amazon SimpleDB (cloud based) etc
Database Types
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 Depending on the number of users accessing the database, a database system may
be classified as
 Single-user database system: It supports only one user at a time. When a single-
user database runs on a personal computer, it is also called a desktop database
system
 Multi-user database system: It supports multiple users at the same time. When a
multi-user database supports relatively small number of users, it is called as a
workgroup database system. If the database is used by many users across globe, it
is known as enterprise database system
 Depending on the location of the database, a database system may be classified
as:
 Centralized database system: It supports data located at a single site or single
place
 Distributed database system: It supports data distributed across several different
sites. Here, the same database can be replicated and stored in another computer so
that when ever the original server goes down; the data can be available to the user
from the replicated data from other servers.
Applications of DBMS
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 Banking : for customer information, accounts and loans and banking
transactions.
 Universities : for student registrations and grades.
 Airlines : for reservations and schedule information.
 Library Management System : maintain all the information relate to book issue
dates, name of the book, author and availability of the book.
 Telecommunications : for keeping records of call made, generating monthly
bills, maintaining balances on prepaid calling cards.
 Sales : for customer, product and purchase information.
 Finance : for storing information about holdings, sales, and purchases of
financial instruments such as stocks and bonds.
 Human Resource : for information about employees, salaries, payroll taxes and
benefits
 Manufacturing : for management of supply chain and for tracking production of
items in factories, inventories of items and orders for items.
 Medical Sector
 Military
 Airline Reservation system
Advantage of DBMS over file system
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 Controlling of Redundancy : Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data
(i.e. storing same data multiple times). In a database system, by having a
centralized database and centralized control of data by the DBA the unnecessary
duplication of data is avoided. It also eliminates the extra time for processing the
large volume of data. It results in saving the storage space
 Improved Data Sharing : DBMS allows a user to share the data in any number
of application programs
 Data Integrity : Integrity means that the data in the database is accurate.
Centralized control of the data helps in permitting the administrator to define
integrity constraints to the data in the database. For example: in customer
database we can can enforce an integrity that it must accept the customer only
from Noida and Meerut city.
 Security : Having complete authority over the operational data, enables the DBA
in ensuring that the only mean of access to the database is through proper
channels. The DBA can define authorization checks to be carried out whenever
access to sensitive data is attempted.
 Efficient Data Access : In a database system, the data is managed by the DBMS
and all access to the data is through the DBMS providing a key to effective data
processing
Advantage of DBMS over file system
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 Data Consistency : By eliminating data redundancy, we greatly reduce the
opportunities for inconsistency. For example: is a customer address is
stored only once, we cannot have disagreement on the stored values. Also
updating data values is greatly simplified when each value is stored in one
place only. Finally, we avoid the wasted storage that results from redundant
data storage.
 Data Independence : In a database system, the database management
system provides the interface between the application programs and the
data. When changes are made to the data representation, the meta data
obtained by the DBMS is changed but the DBMS is continues to provide
the data to application program in the previously used way. The DBMs
handles the task of transformation of data wherever necessary.
 Enforcing Integrity Constraints
 Providing Backup & Recovery
 Providing Storage Structures for efficient query processing
Disadvantages of DBMS
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 Increased Complexity
 Requirement of New and Specialized Manpower
 Large Size of DBMS
 DBMS implementation cost is high compared to the file system
 Performance: Database systems are generic, making them suitable for
various applications. However this feature affect their performance for
some applications
DBMS vs. File System
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DBMS File System
•Minimal data redundancy problem in •Data Redundancy problem exits
DBMS
•Data Inconsistency does not exist •Data Inconsistency exist here
•Accessing database is easier •Accessing is comparatively difficult
•The problem of data isolation is not found •Data is scattered in various files and files
in database may be of different format, so data
isolation problem exists
•Transactions like insert, delete, view, •In file system, transactions are not
updating, etc are possible in database possible
•Concurrent access and recovery is •Concurrent access and recovery is not
possible in database possible
•Security of data •Security of data is not good
•A database manager (administrator) stores •A file manager is used to store all
the relationship in form of structural tables relationships in directories in file systems.
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