 Represent real-life situations using exponential functions.

 Distinguish between exponential function, equation, and

inequality
 Solve exponential equations and inequalities
 Represent an exponential function through its

EXPONENTIAL o table of values

o Graphs
FUNCTIONS o Equation
 Find the domain and range of an exponential function
 Determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an
exponential function
 Graph exponential function.
 Solve problems involving exponential functions, equations, and
inequalities.
RIDDLE
“Suppose you received one-peso coin on the first day of
December, two-peso coin on the second day of December,
four-peso coin on the third day, eight-peso coin on the
fourth day and so on”.
1. How many peso coin would you receive on December 31
if this pattern continues?
2. Would you rather take this amount of money or receive a
lump sum payment of Php10,000,000?
Day No. of peso coin Exponential Form
(y) ()
1 1
2 2
3 4
4 8
5 16
6 32
31 ?
Php1,073,741,824
Exponential Function
 
An exponential function is a function defined by

where and

Example
Laboratory findings show that the SARS-causing corona virus,
upon reaching maturity, divides itself into two after every hour.
How many cells of the virus will be present after 1 day if it started
with just one cell?
 
Solution
Let number of hours elapsed
number of corona virus present after hours elapsed.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

 
The table shows a pattern: as increases by 1, increases rapidly by . In
symbols,

 
Hence, if , then
 
Example 2
Determine whether the given function represented by its equation
is an exponential function or not.
Exponential
Exponential
Exponential
Not Exponential
Not Exponential
Not Exponential
Solving Exponential Equations
An exponential equation in one variable is an equation having a variable
in the exponent.
In solving exponential equations, the equating-exponents property is used.

 
The Property of Equality for Exponential Equations
Let , and be real numbers and . Then,

If and only if
 
Laws of Exponents
For any numbers a and b, and any nonzero real numbers m and n,
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
 
Example 3
Solve each exponential equation.
a. c.
b. d.

Solution
 
a.
Solution
 
b.  
c.
Solution
 
d.

Applying the Quadratic formula

Solving Exponential Inequality
An inequality in one variable having a variable in the exponent is referred
to as exponential inequality.
In solving exponential inequality, remember these basic rules:

Rules for Solving Inequalities

i. if the same real number is added to or subtracted from both sides of an inequality,
the sense of the inequality is not change.
ii. if both sides of an inequality are multiplied by or divided by the same positive real
numbers, the sense of the inequality is not changed.
iii. if both sides of an inequality are multiplied by or divided by the same negative real
number, the sense of the inequality is changed.
 
Example 4
Solve each exponential inequality.
a.
b.

Solution
   
a. b.
Graphing Exponential Functions
An exponential function can be represented through its table of values.
These values that are derived from its equivalent equation are the basis in
sketching its graph.
Note:
A table of values exhibits an exponential trend if there is a common ratio.

Example 5
Given the following tables of values, identify those which exhibit an
exponential trend.
a. b.
Solution
 
a. values are consecutive, but

This suggest that there is no common ratio. Hence, the table of x and
y values does NOT exhibit an exponential trend.

 
b. values are consecutive, also

This shows that there is a common ratio. Thus, the table of and values exhibits
exponential trend.
 
Example 6
Construct a table of values for the exponential function

 
Solution
Evaluate the given function for
• If
• If
• If
• If
• If
 
Example 6
Construct a table of values for the exponential function

Note:
• Domain is the set of first coordinates in the ordered pairs of a
function.
• Range is the set of the second coordinates in the ordered pairs
of a function.
• The y-intercept is the point of intersection of the graph of the
function and the y-axis.
• The x-intercept is the point of intersection of the graph of the
function and the x-axis.
• The vertical asymptote is a line that the graph of a function
approaches but never touches.
  
Example 7
Sketch the graph of Use Desmos Graphing
Calculator
Solution
1 2 3 4
2 4 8 16

 • The domain of
• The range of
• The y-intercept is
• The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis; the asymptote is
• The function f(x) will never touch the x-axis. There is no x-intercept.
• As x increases, f(x) increases exponentially
• As x decreases, f(x) decreases exponentially, would get closer and
closer to 0, but will never be equal to 0.
 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) = 2𝑥
 

𝑓 ( 𝑥 )= 4 𝑥
 

𝑥
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=20
 

 •
Note that as the value of increases, the part
of the graph on the right side of the y-axis
gets closer and closer to it, while the part of
the graph on the left side of the y-axis gets
closer and closer to the x-axis. The
intersection of the family of curves
  
Example 8
Sketch the graph of Use Desmos Graphing
Calculator
Solution
1 2 3 4

 • The domain of
• The range of
• The y-intercept is
• The graph is asymptotic to the x-axis; There is no x-intercept.
• As x increases, f(x) decreases exponentially
• As x decreases, f(x) increases exponentially
 𝑥
 
1
 •
Note that as the value of
( )
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
2
𝑥
decreases, the part of the graph  
1
on the left side of the y-axis gets
closer and closer to it, while the
( )
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
4
𝑥
 
1
part of the graph on the right side
of the y-axis gets closer and ( )
𝑓 ( 𝑥 )=
16
closer to the x-axis. The
intersection of the family of
curves
  
Example 9
In one Cartesian coordinate plane, sketch the graph of the following:
a. b. c. d.

Solution
2 1 0 1 2 3
1 2 4 8

8 4 2 1

-1 -2 -4 -8

-8 -4 -2 -1
 
Zero of Exponential Function
The zero of an exponential function is the value of the independent
variable that makes equals . Graphically, it is the abscissa of the point on
the exponential function whose ordinate is .

 
Example 10
Find the zero of each exponential function below.
a.
b.
 
Solution
a.

• The function has no zero since no

real value of x will make a true
statement.
• Graphically, is asymptotic to the
x-axis.
 
Solution
b.

• The function has no zero since no

real value of x will make a true
statement.
• Graphically, is asymptotic to the
x-axis.
 
Solution
c.

• The function is
• This implies that if , the graph crosses
the x-axis at
Solving Problems Involving Exponential Function, Equations,
and Inequalities
Example 11
The town of Rodriguez, Rizal has a total population of 443,954 as of
2020 census and that is increasing at the rate of 3.96% each year.
Approximate the population of the town after 5 years.
 
Solution
 
𝑃 5= 443,954 ¿
Given:
𝑃5=539,099.99
 

 
𝑃5= 539,099
Solving Problems Involving Exponential Function, Equations,
and Inequalities
Example 12
Suppose a culture of 300 bacteria is put in a petri dish and the culture
doubles every hour. Approximately, how many bacteria will there be after 9
hours?
Solution
Since the culture doubles every hour, the rate of
increase is 100% or r=1.
 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑃 ¿
 
𝑃9 =300 ¿
  𝑃 =𝑃 ¿
9
 
𝑃9 =153,600
Solving Problems Involving Exponential Function, Equations,
and Inequalities
Example 13
Martha deposits P10,000 in a bank that pays 3% compound interest
annually. How much money will she have after 11 years without withdrawal?

  𝑚𝑡
Solution   𝑟
Where
A - is the total amount
𝐴 = 𝑃 1+(𝑚 )
P – principal amount 1(11)
 
0.03
r – is the interest rate
m – frequency of conversion
𝐴=10000 1+
1( )
t – time in years  
𝐴=𝑃 13,842.34