Engineering Drawing and Graphics

ME-111

1. SECTIONS OF SOLIDS.
2. DEVELOPMENT of SUFACES.
 SECTIONING A SOLID. The action of cutting is called
An object ( here a solid ) is cut by SECTIONING a solid
some imaginary cutting plane &
to understand internal details of that The plane of cutting is called
object. SECTION PLANE.
wo cutting actions means section planes are recommended .

OBSERVER E
AN
PL
Section Plane perpendicular to Vp and inclined to Hp. ASSUME
UPPER PART
N
TO N FV
.
C I
SE
( This is a definition of an Aux. Inclined Plane i.e. A.I.P.) REMOVED

NOTE:- This section plane appears (A)

as a straight line in FV.

Section Plane perpendicular to Hp and inclined to Vp.

( This is a definition of an Aux. Vertical Plane i.e. A.V.P.)
NOTE:- This section plane appears (B)
as a straight line in TV.
emember:-
After launching a section plane ASSUME
LOWER PART
SE
CT
ON
either in FV or TV, the part towards observer REMOVED IN PLA
TV
.
NE
OBSERVER
is assumed to be removed.
As far as possible the smaller part is
assumed to be removed.
 For TV
ILLUSTRATION SHOWING
Fo
IMPORTANT TERMS rT
IN SECTIONING. ru
e Sh
ap
e

SECTION
PLANE

TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION

x y

Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)

SECTIONAL T.V.
Typical Section Planes
&
Typical Shapes
Of
Sections. Section Plane Ellipse
Section PlaneTriangle Through Generators
Through Apex

la
abo
Pa r
Section Plane Parallel Section Plane Hyperbola
to end generator. Parallel to Axis.

Ellipse Trapezium

Cylinder through Sq. Pyramid through

generators. all slant edges
 DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACES OF SOLIDS.
MEANING:-
ASSUME OBJECT HOLLOW AND MADE-UP OF THIN SHEET. CUT OPEN IT FROM ONE SIDE AND
UNFOLD THE SHEET COMPLETELY. THEN THE SHAPE OF THAT UNFOLDED SHEET IS CALLED
DEVELOPMENT OF LATERLAL SUEFACES OF THAT OBJECT OR SOLID.

LATERLAL SURFACE IS THE SURFACE EXCLUDING SOLID’S TOP & BASE.

ENGINEERING APLICATION:
THERE ARE SO MANY PRODUCTS OR OBJECTS WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO MANUFACTURE BY
CONVENTIONAL MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, BECAUSE OF THEIR SHAPES AND SIZES.
THOSE ARE FABRICATED IN SHEET METAL INDUSTRY BY USING
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE. THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF SUCH OBJECTS.

EXAMPLES:-
Boiler Shells & chimneys, Pressure Vessels, Shovels, Trays, Boxes & Cartons, Feeding Hoppers,
Large Pipe sections, Body & Parts of automotives, Ships, Aeroplanes and many more.

WHAT IS
To learn methods of development of surfaces of
OUR OBJECTIVE
different solids, their sections and frustums .
IN THIS TOPIC ?
1. Development is different drawing than PROJECTIONS.
But before going ahead, 2. It is a shape showing AREA, means it’s a 2-D plain drawing.
note following 3. Hence all dimensions of it must be TRUE dimensions.
Important points. 4. As it is representing shape of an un-folded sheet, no edges can remain hidden
And hence DOTTED LINES are never shown on development.
Study illustrations given on next page carefully.
 Development of lateral surfaces of different solids.
(Lateral surface is the surface excluding top & base)
Cylinder: A Rectangle
Pyramids: (No.of triangles)
Cone: (Sector of circle) S

H S

L L
D
D
H= Height D= base diameter 
Prisms: No.of Rectangles R=Base circle radius. L= Slant edge.
L=Slant height. S = Edge of base
R 3600
 = L

+
H

S S H= Height S = Edge of base

Cube: Six Squares.

Tetrahedron: Four Equilateral Triangles

All sides
equal in length
 FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side

Top side

L L
L1 L1

R
 = L
3600
+

R= Base circle radius of cone

L= Slant height of cone L= Slant edge of pyramid
L1 = Slant height of cut part. L1 = Slant edge of cut part.
 Problem 1: A pentagonal prism , 30 mm base side & 50 mm axis Solution Steps:for sectional views:
is standing on Hp on it’s base with one side of the base perpendicular to VP. Draw three views of standing prism.
It is cut by a section plane inclined at 40º to the HP, through mid point of axis. Locate sec.plane in Fv as described.
Draw Fv, sec.Tv & sec. Side view. Also draw true shape of section and Project points where edges are getting
Development of surface of remaining solid. Cut on Tv & Sv as shown in illustration.
C
AP
E Join those points in sequence and show
H
S
UE B
Section lines in it.
R
T D
Y1 Make remaining part of solid dark.

A A B C D E
E A
d’ d” c”
c’

X1 e’ e” b”
b’

a’
X a”
Y
e DEVELOPMENT
d
For True Shape: a For Development:
Draw x1y1 // to sec. plane
Draw development of entire solid. Name from
Draw projectors on it from c
cut-open edge I.e. A. in sequence as shown.
cut points. b Mark the cut points on respective edges.
Mark distances of points Join them in sequence in st. lines.
of Sectioned part from Tv, Make existing parts dev.dark.
on above projectors from
x1y1 and join in sequence.
Draw section lines in it.
It is required true shape.
Q 14.11: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP and all
the edges of the base equally inclined to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view, sectional side
view and true shape of the section. Also draw its development.

True
shape of
the
section
21 A
31
o’ 1

True length
41 of slant
edge

3’ D
11 4
2’ 4’ True length O
of slant
edge 3
1’
b’ d’
X c’ Y C
a’ 45º 2
d

4
1
a c B
1 o 3
A
2

b
Q 15.17: A square pyramid, base 40 mm side and axis 65 mm long, has its base on the HP with
two edges of the base perpendicular to the VP. It is cut by a section plane, perpendicular to the
VP, inclined at 45º to the HP and bisecting the axis. Draw its sectional top view and true shape of
the section. Also draw its development.

3
A
2 o’
1

True length
2 of slant
edge
2 3
2’ 3’
D
4
1 O
True length
1 4 of slant 3
1’ 4’ edge

2
X a’ d’ b’ c’
Y
C
a b
1

2 1
o
B
3
A
4
d c
Q 14.24: A right circular cone, base 25 mm radius and height 65 mm rests on its base on H.P. It is cut by a
section plane perpendicular to the V.P., inclined at 45º to the H.P. and bisecting the axis. Draw the projections
of the truncated cone and develop its lateral surface.

1
12
A
Where r is radius of base circle
11
and L is slant height
B
10
C
9
D

8 E
θ=129º
F θ=r/L X 360 º
7 G
H
I
6
θ=25/69.64 X 360º
J
g’
5 K
e’f’h’
i’ L
d’
j’ = 129.2º
4 c’
L k’
b’l’
3 A a’

X
2 2’
1’ 12’
3’
11’
4’
10’
5’
9’
6’
8’ 7’
Y
4
3 5

2 c d 6
b e
f
1 a gr 7
h
l i
12 j 8
k

11 9
10
Problem 6: Draw a semicircle 0f 100 mm diameter and inscribe in it a largest TO DRAW PRINCIPAL
circle.If the semicircle is development of a cone and inscribed circle is some VIEWS FROM GIVEN
curve on it, then draw the projections of cone showing that curve. DEVELOPMENT.

E
D F
o’ R=Base circle radius. 4
L=Slant height. 3 5
R 3600 C G
 = L

+
1’
L 7’ 2 6
B H
6’
2’
1
3’ 5’ 4’
 7
X a’ h’ b’ c’ g’ d’f’ e’ Y
A A
O
g L
6
h f Solution Steps:
5
Draw semicircle of given diameter, divide it in 8 Parts and inscribe in it
a largest circle as shown.Name intersecting points 1, 2, 3 etc.
a 7
o Semicircle being dev.of a cone it’s radius is slant height of cone.( L )
4 e
Then using above formula find R of base of cone. Using this data
1
draw Fv & Tv of cone and form 8 generators and name.
Take o -1 distance from dev.,mark on TL i.e.o’a’ on Fv & bring on o’b’
b 3 d and name 1’ Similarly locate all points on Fv. Then project all on Tv
2
on respective generators and join by smooth curve.
c
Q.15.11: A right circular cylinder, base 50 mm diameter and axis 60 mm long, is standing on HP on its
base. It has a square hole of size 25 in it. The axis of the hole bisects the axis of the cylinder and is
perpendicular to the VP. The faces of the square hole are equally inclined with the HP. Draw its
projections and develop lateral surface of the cylinder.

2’ 3’ 4’ 5’ 6’
1’ 12’ 11’ 10’ 9’ 8’ 7’

b’ B B

a’ c’ A C C A

d’ D D

X a c Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1

b4d
3 5
a c
2 6

1 7

12 8
a c
11 9
10
b d
Q: A square prism of 40 mm edge of the base and 65 mm height stands on its base on the HP
with vertical faces inclined at 45º with the VP. A horizontal hole of 40 mm diameter is drilled
centrally through the prism such that the hole passes through the opposite vertical edges of the
prism, draw the development of the surfaces of the prism.

a’ b’d’ c’

4’ 4 4
3’ 5’ 3 5 5 3
2’ 6’ 2 6 6 2

1’ 7’ 1 7 7 1
12’ 8’
12 8 8 12
11’ 9’ 9
11 9 11
10’ 10 10
X a’ b’d’ c’ 1 2 3 Y
3 4 5 6 7 C 7 6 5 4
11
2 1

4 b10 A 12 11 10 9 8 8 9 10 12 A
3 5 B D
11 9
2 6
12 8
1 7

a c
1
7
2 6
12 8
3 5
11
40

d
4 10