WALL PANEL

SYSTEMS
 Wall Panel
is single piece of material, usually flat and cut into
a rectangular shape, that serves as the visible and
exposed covering for a wall. Wall panels are functional
as well as decorative,
providing insulation and soundproofing, combined with
uniformity of appearance, along with some measure of
durability or ease of replaceability. While there is no set
size limit for a piece of material fulfilling these
functions, the maximum practical size for wall panels
has been suggested to be 24 inches by 8 feet, to allow
for transportation.
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TYPES OF
WALL
PANEL
SYSTEM
 1.
FLAT
TYPE
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 2.

RIBBED
TYPE
 RIBBED TYPE
• Self-drilling, color-matched stainless steel capped
• fasteners and a 36" panel width give you rapid,
• economical installation. comes in lengths up to
• 43', which can provide a continuous wall panel
• from foundation to eave. This eliminates the need
• for endlaps and assures you of wall integrity and
• weather-tightness. These metal wall panels are
• available in 14 standard finish colors and a variety
• of custom colors. 26 gauge is standard, but you
• also have the option of 22 or 24 gauge.
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 3.
WINDOW
TYPE AND
WALL TYPE
 WINDOW TYPE AND WALL TYPE
is achieved by placing glazing between a building’s
concrete slabs, using the slabs as structural support.
Window walls have a break between the glass, with slab
covers used to conceal the concrete. Window walls are
often used in residential applications as they allow for
more customizable sections such as windows and balcony
doors. They are most commonly installed from the inside
of a building, which is a safer, more efficient and more
cost effective.
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 4.
TILT UP
 TILT UP
is a type of building and a construction technique using concrete.
Though it is a cost-effective technique with a shorter completion
time,  poor performance in earthquakes has mandated
significant seismic retrofit requirements in older buildings. With
the tilt-up method, concrete elements (walls, columns, structural
supports, etc.) are formed horizontally on a concrete slab; this
normally requires the building floor as a building form but may
be a temporary concrete casting surface near the building
footprint. After the concrete has cured, the elements are "tilted"
to the vertical position with a crane and braced into position until
the remaining building structural components (roofs,
intermediate floors and walls) are secured.
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Tilt-up construction requires significant organization and
collaboration on the building site. The chronological steps that
need to be taken for a tilt-up project are: site evaluation,
engineering, footings and floor slabs, forming tilt-up panels,
steel placement, embeds and inserts, concrete placement, panel
erection and panel finishing. Once the pad (casting surface or
floor slab) has cured, forms are built on top. Dimensional
lumber, a high quality plywood or fiber board that has at least
one smooth face is typically used, although aluminum or steel
forms are also common. Carpenters work from engineered
drawings designed for each panel or element to construct on
site. They incorporate all door and window openings, as well as
architectural features and other desired shapes that can be
molded into the concrete. 
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 CONNECTION TYPES
> Roof Structure to Panel: These connections transmit gravity; wind uplift; out-
of-plane wind and seismic, in-plane wind; and seismic forces.
> Supported Floor Structure to Panel: These connections transmit gravity, out-
of-plane wind, seismic, thermal bowing, in-plane wind, and seismic forces.
> Panel to Slab on Grade: These connections transmit out-of-plane wind,
seismic, thermal bowing, lateral earth pressure, in-plane wind and seismic
forces.
> Panel to Footing: These connections transmit out-of-plane wind and seismic
forces, in-plane wind and seismic forces, and uplift due to overturning.
> Panel to Panel: These connections transmit in-plane wind and seismic forces to
resist overturning and differential bowing.
The design and detailing of tilt-up connections should accommodate standard industry tolerances. It is
suggested that connections be designed to accommodate a misplacement of the embedded item of up to 1 in.
in the plane of the panel. When possible, embedded items should use a symmetrical layout in at least one axis
to simplify layout and placement in the panel.
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Studs, gussets and attachment plates are located within the form
for embedding in the concrete. The forms are usually anchored
to the casting surface with masonry nails or otherwise adhered to
prevent damage to the floor slab.
Next, a chemically reactive bondbreaker is sprayed on the
form's surfaces to prevent the cast concrete from bonding with
the slab. This allows the cast element to separate from the
casting surface once it has cured. This is a critical step, as
improper chemical selection or application will prevent the
lifting of the panels, and will entail costly demolition and
rework. A rebar grid is constructed inside the forms, after the
form release is applied, spaced off the casting surface the
desired distance with plastic "chairs". The rebar size and spacing
is generally specified by the engineer of record.
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Concrete is then poured, filling the desired thickness and
surrounding all steel inserts, embedded features and rebar. The
concrete is then settled through vibration to prevent any voids
or honeycomb effects. The forms are removed when the
concrete is cured; rigging is attached and a crane tilts the panel
or lifts the element into place. In circumstances when space is
at a premium, concrete elements can be cast one on top of the
other, or stack cast. Quite often a separate casting pad is
poured for this purpose and is removed when the panels are
erected.
Cranes are used to tilt the concrete elements from the casting
slab to a vertical position. The slabs are then most often set
onto a foundation and secured with braces until the structural
steel and the roof diaphragm is in place.
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