I

Introduction

Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able

to do the following:
• List the features of Oracle
• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects of a
relational database
• Describe the Oracle implementation of the
RDBMS and ORDBMS
• Describe the use and benefits of SQL & PL/SQL

I-2 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 • Relational Database Management System. A type of
DBMS in which the database is organized and
accessed according to the relationships between
data values. The RDBMS was invented by a team
lead by Dr. E F. Codd and funded by IBM in the
early 1970's. The Example RDBMS Systems:
Oracle, SQL Server, DB2, Sybase, etc.
• ODBMS Object-oriented Database Management
System. A special type of DBMS where data is
stored in objects using object oriented techniques
eg: IRIS,Orion,O2.

I-3 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 System Development Life Cycle

Strategy
and
analysis
Design
Build
and
document
Transition

Production

I-4 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Oracle Internet Platform
Clients Any mail
Any browser client Any FTP client

Internet applications

Development tools
System
SQL
SQL
Business logic Presentation and
MGT and data business logic
PL/SQL
PL/SQL

Application
Databases servers
Java
Java

Network services

I-5 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Data Storage on Different Media

Database

Electronic Filing cabinet

spreadsheet

I-6 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Relational Database Concept

• Dr. E.F. Codd proposed the relational model for

database systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the relational database
management system (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:
– Collection of objects or relations
– Set of operators to act on the relations
– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency

I-7 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Definition of a Relational Database

A relational database is a collection of relations or

two-dimensional tables.
Oracle
server

Table Name: EMPLOYEES Table Name: DEPARTMENTS

… …

I-8 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Data Models

Model of
system
in client’s Entity model of
mind client’s model

Table model
of entity model Oracle
server

Tables on disk

I-9 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Entity Relationship Model

•• Create
Create an
an entity
entity relationship
relationship diagram
diagram from
from business
business
specifications
specifications or
or narratives
narratives

EMPLOYEE assigned to DEPARTMENT

#* number #* number
* name * name
composed of
o job title o location

•• Scenario
Scenario
–– “.
“. .. .. Assign
Assign one
one or
or more
more employees
employees to
to aa
department
department .. .. .”.”
–– “.
“. .. .. Some
Some departments
departments do
do not
not yet
yet have
have assigned
assigned
employees
employees .. .. .”.”

I-10 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Entity Relationship
Modeling Conventions
Entity Attribute
Soft box Singular name
Singular, unique name Lowercase
Uppercase Mandatory marked with “*”
Synonym in parentheses Optional marked with “o”

EMPLOYEE assigned to DEPARTMENT

#* number #* number
* name * name
composed of
o job title o location

Unique Identifier (UID)

Primary marked with “#”
Secondary marked with “(#)”

I-11 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Entity Relationship
Modeling Conventions
Entity Attribute
Soft box Singular name
Singular, unique name Lowercase
Uppercase Mandatory marked with “*”
Synonym in parentheses Optional marked with “o”

EMPLOYEE assigned to DEPARTMENT

#* number #* number
* name * name
composed of
o job title o location

Unique Identifier (UID)

Primary marked with “#”
Secondary marked with “(#)”

I-12 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Relating Multiple Tables

• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified

by a primary key (PK).
• You can logically relate data from multiple tables
using foreign keys (FK).
Table Name: DEPARTMENTS
Table Name: EMPLOYEES

…
Primary key Foreign key Primary key

I-13 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Relational Database Properties

A relational database:
• Can be accessed and modified by executing
structured query language (SQL) statements.

I-14 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Communicating with a RDBMS
Using SQL
SQL statement
is entered. Statement is sent to
SELECT
SELECT department_name
department_name Oracle Server.
FROM
FROM departments;
departments;

Oracle
server

I-15 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Relational Database Management System

Oracle
server

User tables Data

Dictionary(M
D/Rep)

I-16 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 SQL Statements
SELECT Data retrieval
INSERT
UPDATE Data manipulation language (DML)
DELETE
MERGE
CREATE
ALTER
DROP Data definition language (DDL)
RENAME
TRUNCATE
COMMIT
ROLLBACK Transaction control
SAVEPOINT
GRANT
REVOKE Data control language (DCL)

I-17 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Tables Used in the Course
EMPLOYEES

DEPARTMENTS JOB_GRADES

I-18 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights

 Summary

• The Oracle9i Server is the database for Internet

computing.
• Oracle9i is based on the object relational database
management system.
• Relational databases are composed of relations,
managed by relational operations, and governed by
data integrity constraints.
• With the Oracle Server, you can store and manage
information by using the SQL language and PL/SQL
engine.

I-19 Copyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights