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Structure of Computer System

The document discusses the structure and evolution of computer systems. It describes five generations of computers from 1940 to present: 1) Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956), 2) Transistors (1956-1963), 3) Integrated Circuits (1964-1971), 4) Microprocessors (1971-present), and 5) Artificial Intelligence (present and beyond). It also outlines the major components of the von Neumann architecture, including memory, input/output, the arithmetic logic unit, and the control unit.

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Chirantan Shah
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47 views13 pages

Structure of Computer System

The document discusses the structure and evolution of computer systems. It describes five generations of computers from 1940 to present: 1) Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956), 2) Transistors (1956-1963), 3) Integrated Circuits (1964-1971), 4) Microprocessors (1971-present), and 5) Artificial Intelligence (present and beyond). It also outlines the major components of the von Neumann architecture, including memory, input/output, the arithmetic logic unit, and the control unit.

Uploaded by

Chirantan Shah
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Structure of Computer System

Introduction

• A computer is a programmable machine.


• Computer: A machine that can receive and store information and
change or process it.
• It allows the user to store all sorts of information and then ‘process’
that information, or data, or carry out actions with the information,
such as calculating numbers or organizing words.
• Information: Knowledge that is communicated.
• Data (pl.): The representation of information in a formalized manner
suitable for communication, interpretation and processing, generally
by a computer system.
• The term ‘raw data’ refers to unprocessed information.
Brief History of Computers

• First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes


• Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
• Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits
• Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors
• Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial
Intelligence
First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes

Enivac

Input was based on punched


cards and paper tape, and
output was displayed on
printouts.

> using a great deal of


electricity,
uses vacuum > generated a lot of heat
tubes for > taking up entire rooms
circuitry
and magnetic
drums for 
memory
Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors
vacuum tubes
Were Replaced
by
Transistors IBM 7094
& uses
magnetic core
as a memory 
Input was based on punched
cards and paper tape, and
output was displayed on
printouts.

moved from
cryptic binary machine
language to symbolic,
or assembly, languages ie
COBOL and Fortman
Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits

keyboards and
monitors and interfaced with
an operating system, which allowed
the device to run many
different applications at one time

Computers for the first time became


accessible to a mass audience because
they were smaller and cheaper than
their predecessors.

Transistors were
miniaturized(produced as small as
possible) and placed
on silicon chips,
called semiconductors, which
drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers
Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors

• The Microprocessor brought the fourth generation of


computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were
built onto a single silicon chip.
• The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the
components of the computer - from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls -
on a single chip.
• In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home
user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh.
Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence

• many believe that we are about to enter the fifth


computer generation, a generation marked by the
evolution of computer that use newer, faster
technologies to carry out a broader veriety of tasks.
• Some of the tasks that computers will do in the next
generation of computering can be defined as
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 
Von Neumann architecture

• Von Neumann’s proposal was to store the program


instructions right along with the data
• The von Neumann model is characterized by Five
major subsystems:
1. Memory 
2. Input/Output 
3. Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) 
4. Control unit
Memory

MAR: Memory Address Register M EM ORY


MDR: Memory Data Register
M AR M DR
Input /Output

Devices for getting data into and out of computer memory


Each device has its own interface, usually a set of
registers like the memory’s MAR and MDR
– LC-3 supports keyboard (input) and monitor (output)
– keyboard: data register (KBDR) and status register (KBSR)
– monitor: data register (DDR) and status register (DSR)
Some devices provide both input and output disk,
network Program that controls access to a device is
usually called a driver.
Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) 

• The third component in the von Neumann architecture is


called the Arithmetic Logic Unit.
• This is the subcomponent that performs the arithmetic and
logic operations for which we have been building parts.
• The ALU is the “brain” of the computer.
• It houses the special memory locations, called registers
• It contains the circuitry to perform addition,
subtraction,multiplication and division, as well as logical
comparisons (less than, equal to and greater than).
Control unit

• Instruction Register (IR) contains the current instruction.


• Program Counter (PC) contains the address of the next
instruction to be executed.
• Control unit:
• reads an instruction from memory
 the instruction’s address is in the PC
• interprets the instruction, generating signals that tell the other
components what to do
 an instruction may take many machine cycles to complete
C O N T R O L U N IT
PC IR

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