Manufacturing of Detergents: Submitted To

MANUFACTURING OF
DETERGENTS
Submitted by :
QASIM ALI KHOKAR
ZOHAIB IQBAL
Submitted to :
PROF. HAIDER ALI
CONTENTS
Detergents
Difference b/w Soap and Detergents
Raw material
Manufacturing process
PFD (Process Flow diagram
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
SOAPS DETERGENTS
These are sodium salts of
They are metal salts of
long chain hydrocarbons like
long chain higher fatty
alkyl sulphates or alkyl
acids. benzene sulphonates.
These are prepared from They are prepared from
vegetable oils and animal hydrocarbons of petroleum
fats. or coal.
They cannot be used These do not produce
effectively in hard water as insoluble precipitates in hard
they produce scum i.e., water. They are effective in
insoluble precipitates of soft, hard or salt water.
Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+ etc.
DETERGENTS
Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain benzene
sulphuric acids.
Detergents are primarily surfactants, which could be
produced easily from petrochemicals. Surfactants
lower the surface tension of water, essentially making
it 'wetter' so that it is less likely to stick to itself and
more likely to interact with oil and grease.
The ionic group is in a detergent is
EXAMPLES OF DETERGENTS
Two basic examples of well-known detergents of the
sulphonate group or the sulphate group are:
RAW MATERIAL
 Surfactants
 Sude Regulators
 Builders
 Additives
SURFACTANTS
Surfactants are the compounds that affects surface
tension when dissolved in water or water solutions.
 Surfactants consist of two parts
i. Hydrophilic ( water loving )
ii. Hydrophobic ( water repelling )
Soil end of these molecules are attracted to the soil
particle and surround it while water loving ends pull
the molecules away from the fabric into fresh water.
E.g. linear alkyl benzene sulfonate ,fatty alcohal sulfate
SURFACTANTS
The surfactants cleaning process consist of
three steps:
Through wetting the dirt and the surface of
the article
Removing the dirt from the surface
Maintaining the dirt in stable solution
SUDE REGULATORS
Sude regulator is either a stabilizer or
suppressor
It is used with surfactants
Stabilizers are lauryl alcohol-alkyl sulphate
Suds suppressors are generally hydrophobic
materials, e.g. long chain fatty acids, silicones
etc
BUILDERS
These boost detergent power.
Complex phosphates such as sodium
tripolyphosphate is mostly used
These are also water softeners and sequester
calcium and magnesium ions
These prevent soil redeposition from the wash
water on fabrics.
These also reduce the overall cost, together with
enhanced effectiveness
ADDITIVES
Corrosion inhibitors e,g sodium silicate, protect metal
and washer parts, utensils from the action of
detergents and water.
Tarnish inhibitors these extend corrosion protection
to other metals e.g german silver.
Fabric brighteners fluorescent dyes which make
fabrics looks brighter.
Bluings improve whiteness of fabrics by counteracting
the natural yellowing tendency.
Bleaches can be employed in laundry products
MANUFACTURE OF DETERGENTS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Sulfonation-sulfation
Alkylbenzene is introduced continuously into the
sulfonator with the requisite amount of oleum, using
dominat bath principle.
Temprature is maintained at about 55C.
Fatty alcohol and more oleum is mixed with
sulfonated mixture.
This is pumped through sulfater which is also using
dominat bath principle.
Temprature of 50-55 C is maintained in the
sulfater.
So a mixture of surfactants is manufactured
Product is neutralized with NaOH solution to
maintain the fluidity of surfactant slury.
Surfactant slury, sodium tripolyphosphate, and
most of additives are introduced into the crutcher.
A considerable amount of water is removed and
paste is thickened by tripolyphosphate
hexahydrate.
NaP3O10+6H2ONa5P3O10.6H2O
SULFONATION CONVERSION
Sulfonation conversion is extremely
fast
The reaction is irreversible and results
in 96% conversion in less than a minute
when run at 130 F
As reactions are exothermic and
extremelyfast, so efficient heat
removing is requiredusing dominant
baths or circulating heat exchangers
ADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Since detergents are the salts of strong acids they
do not decompose in acidic medium. Thus
detergents can effectively clean fabric even if the
water is acidic.
Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water
than soaps.
They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
As detergents are derived from petroleum they
save on natural vegetable oils, which are important
as essential cooking medium
DISADVANTAGES OF DETERGENTS
Many detergents are resistant to the action of
biological agents and thus are not
biodegradable.
They have a tendency to produce stable foams
in rivers that extend over several hundred
meters of the river water. Thus they pose a
danger to aquatic life.
They tend to inhibit oxidation of organic
substances present in wastewaters because they
form a sort of envelope around them.
REFRENCES
Shreve’s chemical process industries
( Fifth edition) GEORGE T. AUSTIN
Chapter 29 SOAP and DETERGENTS

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