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Eiffel Programming Language: by David Riley and Jason Thorpe

Eiffel is an object-oriented programming language created by Bertrand Meyer in 1985. It was designed to avoid some of the pitfalls of older OOP languages. Key features include design by contract using assertions, automatic documentation generation, multiple and repeated inheritance, and strong static typing. Eiffel is intended for teaching concepts, rapid prototyping, and financial applications.

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Eiffel Programming Language: by David Riley and Jason Thorpe

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Eiffel Programming Language

By
David Riley and Jason Thorpe
December 3, 2002
Eiffel Overview
 Object-oriented
 Motivation – designed to avoid some of the pitfalls of older
OOP languages
 Introduced in 1985
 Created by Bertrand Meyer
 Developed by his company Interactive Software
Engineering
 Named after Gustav Eiffel (designer of Eiffel Tower)
 “The Eiffel Tower was completed on time and within
budget, which should happen if you use Eiffel for your
software projects ”
http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/eiffel/eiffel.html#history
Eiffel Milestones

 1985: Bertrand Meyer and Jean Marc Nerson begin development of Eiffel
 1986: 1st Eiffel compiler presented (April), 1 st Customer Deliveries
(December)
 1987: Eiffel achieves commercial success
 1991: Non-profit International Consortium for Eiffel (NICE) is founded;
NICE controls the standardization of the Eiffel language
 1991: Publication of "Eiffel the language" by Bertrand Meyer (Prentice
Hall)
 1995: NICE presents Eiffel Library Kernel Standard (ELKS), which sets
standards for basic Eiffel classes.
 1997: NICE and the Eiffel Consortium organize Eiffel Struggle `97. Prizes
awarded for Eiffel applications and Eiffel libraries.

http://www.halstenbach.de/eiffel/eiffel8.htm
Supporting Platforms

 Eiffel Software's EiffelStudio environment is

available for the major industry platforms:
Windows, Linux, Unix, and VMS.

These implementations are all source-code

compatible.
Eiffel Compilers

 ISE Eiffel v5.2

 free time-limited evaluation version; Windows and Unix
 www.eiffel.com
 SmartEiffel the GNU Eiffel compiler
 Free; All ANSI C machines
 http://smarteiffel.loria.fr/
 Iss-base
 Commercial – free 90-day trial version; Windows and Unix
 NonCommercial – free; Windows and Linux
 http://www.halstenbach.com/
 Visual Eiffel
 Commercial – free evaluation (limited features); Windows and Linux
 http://www.object-tools.com/
Distinctive Features
 Portable – runs on many platforms

 Open System – has a C/C++ interface for code reusability

 Melting Ice Technology – combines compilation with byte

code interpretation for faster turnaround times after a change
has occurred.

 Design by Contract – enforced with assertions through

invariance, preconditions and postconditions.

 Automatic Documentation – documentation produced

quickly by single click.
Distinctive Features (cont.)

 Multiple Inheritance - a class can inherit from multiple

parents

 Repeated Inheritance - a class inherits from another

through two or more parents

 Statically Typed – catch errors at compile time; not run

time

 Dynamically Bound – guarantee of right operation being

applied depending on target object
Areas of Application

 Eiffel is not intended for any specific area but is used

in:
 Teaching
 not stuck within the confines of a single environment
 Eiffel allows students to focus on the concepts, not notational details
 Educators have remarked that it is easier to teach C++, Smalltalk, or Java
once Eiffel techniques are mastered.
 Rapid Prototyping
 covers analysis, design, and implementation in a single framework
 Financial Applications
I/O in Eiffel
 Attributes (Data)  Input routines
last_character:CHARACTER read_character
last_integer:INTEGER read_integer
last_real:REAL read_real
last_string:STRING read_line -- result stored in
last_string
last_boolean :BOOLEAN
read_word -- result stored in
 Output routines last_string
put_character(c:CHARACTER) read_boolean
put_integer(i:INTEGER)
put_real(r:REAL)
put_string(s:STRING)
put_boolean(b:BOOLEAN)
put_new_line
Basics in Eiffel

 I/O example:
io.put_string(“Enter an Integer “);
io.read_integer;
int1 := io.last_integer;

 Basic Data Types

 INTEGER, CHARACTER, REAL, STRING,
BOOLEAN

 Comments (--)
Control Structures

 Looping  Example
from from
--initialization i := 1
until until
done -- BOOLEAN condition i = 10
loop loop
-- executable statements io.put_int (i);
end io.new_line;
i := i + 1;
end
Control Structures

 Conditional  Example
... ..
if x > 10 then if x > 0 then
... statements ... io.put_string(“x is positive”);
elseif x > 5 then elseif x < 0 then
... elseif statements ... io.put_string(“x is negative”);
elseif x > 0 then else
... more elseif statements ... io.put_string(“x is 0”);
else end
... else statements ...
end
Control Structures

 Multi-Branch  Example
...
inspect input_character; State : INTEGER;
State_1, State_2, State_3 : INTEGER is unique;
when 'y' then
... statements ...
inspect State
when 'n' then
... statements when State_1 then
some_action;
else when State_2 then
... if no match is found some_other_action
end when State_3 then
another_action;
else
no_action;
end;
Arrays in Eiffel

 Declaration
 scores :ARRAY[INTEGER];
 Creation
 !!scores.make(1,100)
 Functions
 count, lower, upper.
 Insertion
 scores.put(<value>, <index>);
 Access
 scores.item(<index>);
Design by Contract
class COUNTER
feature
count: INTEGER
increment_by (inc: INTEGER) is
require
inc > 0
do
-- Implementation goes here
ensure
count = old count + inc
end
end
Hello World

 class HELLO_WORLD
creation
make
feature
make is
do
print("Hello World!!!! %N")
end --make
end -- class HELLO_WORLD
Hello World (cont.)

 Class name - end (required)

 Creation Clause – specifies the routines that
may be called.
 Feature Clauses – describes class features.
Type System

 Strongly typed
 Two categories: reference type, expanded
type
 Five basic types (expanded): INTEGER,
REAL, DOUBLE, CHARACTER and
BOOLEAN
Sorting Example
class ARRAY_EXAMPLE
creation
start
feature
store:ARRAY[INTEGER];

-- function fill_array fills array with integers entered from keyboard

fill_array is
local
index:INTEGER;
do
from index = store.lower -1
until index = store.upper
loop
index := index + 1;
io.readint;
store.put(io.lastint,index);
end -- loop
end -- fill_array
Sorting Example (cont.)

-- function print array will print contents of array

print_array is
local
index:INTEGER;
do
from index := store.lower-1
until index = store.upper
loop
index := index + 1;
io.putint(store.item(index));
end -- loop
end -- print_array
Sorting Example (cont.)
-- function sort array will sort the elements of the array
sort_array is
local
sorted:BOOLEAN;
temp_item: INTEGER
index, last :INTEGER;
do
from
last := store.upper;
sorted := false;
until sorted or else last = store.lower
loop
from sorted := true
index := store.lower -1
last := last-1
until
index = last
Sorting Example (cont.)

loop
index := index + 1;
if store.item(index) > store.item(index+1)
then
-- swap element with successor element
temp_item := store.item(index+1);
store.put(store.item(index),index+1);
store.put(temp_item,index);
sorted := false;
end -- if
end – loop
end -- loop
end -- sort_array
Sorting Example (cont.)

start is
do
!!store.make(1,7);
fill_array;
sort_array;
print_array;
end -- start
end -- ARRAY-EXAMPLE
References

 http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/eiffel/
eiffel.html#history
 http://www.halstenbach.de/eiffel/eiffel8.htm
 http://www.faqs.org/faqs/eiffel-faq/
 http://www.pi.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/inf1/eiff-ref/