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Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Here are the steps to determine the reactions at the base of the columns approximately using the cantilever method: 1. Determine the centroid (x) of the column cross-sectional areas. For this frame x = (2A + 4A)/6A = 1/3L 2. Place hinges at the centre of each girder and column, assuming points of zero moment. 3. Assume the axial stress in each column is directly proportional to its distance from the centroid x. 4. The axial force in the left exterior column is 3/3 * Total Load = Total Load 5. The axial force in the right exterior column is 0 * Total Load = 0 6. The

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42 views24 pages

Approximate Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures

Here are the steps to determine the reactions at the base of the columns approximately using the cantilever method: 1. Determine the centroid (x) of the column cross-sectional areas. For this frame x = (2A + 4A)/6A = 1/3L 2. Place hinges at the centre of each girder and column, assuming points of zero moment. 3. Assume the axial stress in each column is directly proportional to its distance from the centroid x. 4. The axial force in the left exterior column is 3/3 * Total Load = Total Load 5. The axial force in the right exterior column is 0 * Total Load = 0 6. The

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Approximate

Approximate Analysis
Analysis of
of
Statically
Statically Indeterminate
Indeterminate
Structures
Structures
Introduction
• Using approximate methods to analyse statically
indeterminate trusses and frames
• The methods are based on the way the structure
deforms under the load
• Trusses
• Portal frames with trusses
• Vertical loads on building frames
• Lateral loads on building frames
– Portal method
– Cantilever method
Approximate Analysis
• Statically determinate structure – the force
equilibrium equation is sufficient to find the support
reactions
• Approximate analysis – to develop a simple model of
the structure which is statically determinate to solve a
statically indeterminate problem
• The method is based on the way the structure
deforms under loads
• Their accuracy in most cases compares favourably
with more exact methods of analysis (the statically
indeterminate analysis)
Determinacy - truss

br  2j Statically determinate

br  2j Statically indeterminate

b – total number of bars


r – total number of external support reactions
j – total number of joints
Trusses
real structure approximation
Method 1: Design long, slender
diagonals - compressive diagonals are
assumed to be a zero force member and
all panel shear is resisted by tensile
diagonal only
Method 2: Design diagonals to support
b=16, r=3, j=8 both tensile and compressive forces -
each diagonal is assumed to carry half
b+r = 19 > 2j=16
the panel shear.
The truss is statically
indeterminate to the third
degree Three assumptions regarding the
bar forces will be required
Example 1 - trusses
Determine (approximately) the forces in the
members. The diagonals are to be designed to
support both tensile and compressive forces.
FFB = FAE = F

FDB = FEC = F
Portal frames – lateral loads
• Portal frames are
frequently used over
the entrance of a bridge
• Portals can be pin
supported, fixed
supported or supported
by partial fixity
Portal frames – lateral loads
real structure approximation
Pin-supported A point of inflection
is located
assumed approximately at
hinge the girder’s
One assumption
must be made midpoint

fixed -supported Points of inflection


are located
assumed approximately at
hinge the midpoints of all
Three assumption three members
must be made

Partial fixity Points of inflection for


columns are located
approximately at h/3
assumed and the centre of the
hinge girder
Pin-Supported Portal Frames
• A point of inflection – where the moment changes
from positive bending to negative bending.
• Bending moment is zero at this point.

The horizontal
reactions (shear) at
the base of each
column are equal
Fixed-Supported Portal Frames
• A point of inflection – where the moment changes
from positive bending to negative bending.
• Bending moment is zero at this point.

The horizontal
reactions (shear) at
the base of each
column are equal
Frames with trusses
• When a portal is used to span
large distance, a truss may be
used in place of the
horizontal girder
• The suspended truss is
assumed to be pin connected
at its points of attachment to
the columns
• Use the same assumptions as
those used for simple portal
frames
Frames with trusses
real structure approximation

pin supported columns


pin connection truss-column the horizontal reactions (shear) are equal

fixed supported columns horizontal reactions (shear) are equal


pin connection truss-column there is a zero moment (hinge) on each column
Example 2 – Frame with trusses
Determine by approximate methods the forces
acting in the members of the Warren portal.
Example 2 (contd)
Building frames – vertical loads

• Building frames often consist


of girders that are rigidly
connected to columns
• The girder is statically
indeterminate to the third
degree – require 3
assumptions

Average point
If the columns are
between the two
extremely stiff
extremes =
(0.21L+0)/2  0.1L
If the columns are
extremely flexible
Building frames – vertical loads
real structure approximation

1.There is zero moment (hinge) in the girder 0.1L


from the left support
2. There is zero moment (hinge) in the girder 0.1L
from the right support
3.The girder does not support an axial force.
Example 3 – Vertical loads
Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints
E and C caused by members EF and CD.
Building frames – lateral loads: Portal
method
• A building bent deflects
in the same way as a
portal frame
• The assumptions would
be the same as those
used for portal frames
• The interior columns
would represent the
effect of two portal
columns
Building frames – lateral loads:
Portal method
real structure approximation

1.A hinge is placed at the centre of each girder,


since this is assumed to be a point of zero
moment.
2. A hinge is placed at the centre of each
The method is most suitable for
column, this to be a point of zero moment.
buildings having low elevation
3. At the given floor level the shear at the interior
and uniform framing column hinges is twice that at the exterior
column hinges
Example 4 – Portal method
Determine (approximately) the reactions at
the base of the columns of the frame.
Building frames – lateral loads:
Cantilever method
• The method is based on the
same action as a long
cantilevered beam subjected to a
transverse load
• It is reasonable to assume the
axial stress has a linear variation
from the centroid of the column
areas
Building frames – lateral loads:
Cantilever method
real structure approximation

x  ( xi A) /  A

The method is most suitable if 1 zero moment (hinge) at the centre of each girder
the frame is tall and slender, or 2. zero moment (hinge) at the centre of each column
has columns with different 3. The axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance
from the centroid of the cross-sectional areas of the columns at
cross sectional areas. a given floor level
Example 5 – Cantilever method
Show how to determine (approximately) the
reactions at the base of the columns of the
frame.
Example 5 – Cantilever method

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