Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses Type I and Type II Errors Population Mean: Known Population Mean: Unknown Population Proportion
Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses Type I and Type II Errors Population Mean: Known Population Mean: Unknown Population Proportion
Hypothesis Testing
Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
Type I and Type II Errors
Population Mean: s Known
Population Mean: s Unknown
Population Proportion
Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing can be used to determine whether
a statement about the value of a population parameter
should or should not be rejected.
The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 , is a tentative
assumption about a population parameter.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by Ha, is the
opposite of what is stated in the null hypothesis.
The hypothesis testing procedure uses data from a
sample to test the two competing statements
indicated by H0 and Ha.
Developing Null and Alternative Hypotheses
H 0 : 0 H 0 : 0 H 0 : 0
H a : 0 H a : 0 H a : 0
Population Condition
H0 True H0 False
Conclusion (m < 12) (m > 12)
Accept H0 Correct
Type II Error
(Conclude m < 12) Decision
Reject H0 Correct
Type I Error Decision
(Conclude m > 12)
p-Value Approach to
One-Tailed Hypothesis Testing
The p-value is the probability, computed using the
test statistic, that measures the support (or lack of
support) provided by the sample for the null
hypothesis.
If the p-value is less than or equal to the level of
significance , the value of the test statistic is in the
rejection region.
Reject H0 if the p-value < .
Lower-Tailed Test About a Population Mean:
s Known
p-Value Approach p-Value < a ,
so reject H0.
a = .10 Sampling
distribution
x 0
of z
/ n
p-value
72
z
z = -za = 0
-1.46 -1.28
Upper-Tailed Test About a Population Mean:
s Known
p-Value Approach p-Value < a ,
so reject H0.
Sampling
distribution
x 0 a = .04
of z
/ n
p-Value
11
z
0 za = z=
1.75 2.29
Critical Value Approach to
One-Tailed Hypothesis Testing
The test statistic z has a standard normal probability
distribution.
We can use the standard normal probability
distribution table to find the z-value with an area
of a in the lower (or upper) tail of the distribution.
The value of the test statistic that established the
boundary of the rejection region is called the
critical value for the test.
The rejection rule is:
• Lower tail: Reject H0 if z < -z
• Upper tail: Reject H0 if z > z
Lower-Tailed Test About a Population Mean:
s Known
Critical Value Approach
Sampling
distribution
x 0
of z
Reject H0 / n
a 1
Do Not Reject H0
z
-za = -1.28 0
Upper-Tailed Test About a Population Mean:
s Known
Critical Value Approach
Sampling
distribution
x 0
of z
/ n Reject H0
Do Not Reject H0
z
0 za = 1.645
Steps of Hypothesis Testing
p-Value Approach
Step 4. Use the value of the test statistic to compute the
p-value.
Step 5. Reject H0 if p-value < a.
Steps of Hypothesis Testing
Sampling
distribution a = .05
x 0
of z
/ n
p-value
z
0 za = z=
1.645 2.47
One-Tailed Tests About a Population Mean:
s Known
Critical Value Approach
1/2 1/2
p -value p -value
= .0031 = .0031
a/2 = a/2 =
.015 .015
z
z = -2.74 0 z = 2.74
-za/2 = -2.17 za/2 = 2.17
Two-Tailed Tests About a Population Mean:
s Known
Critical Value Approach
Sampling
distribution
x 0
of z
/ n
z
-2.17 0 2.17
Confidence Interval Approach to
Two-Tailed Tests About a Population Mean
Select a simple random sample from the population
and use the value of the sample mean x to develop
the confidence interval for the population mean .
(Confidence intervals are covered in Chapter 8.)
If the confidence interval contains the hypothesized
value 0, do not reject H0. Otherwise, reject H0.
(Actually, H0 should be rejected if 0 happens to be
equal to one of the end points of the confidence
interval.)
Confidence Interval Approach to
Two-Tailed Tests About a Population Mean
Reject H0
Do Not Reject H0
t
0 ta =
1.669
End of Chapter 9, Part A