BEHAVIOURAL

THEORY OF
PERSONALITY
The t he o ry o f be ha v io uris m b y

B . F . Sk inne r

la rg e ly d e riv e d f ro m his firs t b o ok

“ The B e ha v io ur o f O rg a nis ms ” .

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 TIMELINE
CLASSICAL OPERANT RADICAL
CONDITIONING CONDITIONING BEHAVIOURISM
• DETAILS • SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT • DEFINATION
• EXAMPLES • MECHANISMS • USES
• EFFECTS ON PERSONALITY

STAGES OF TYPES OF OPERANT

CONDITIONING CONDITIONING
• PRE CONDITIONING • REINORCEMENT THEORY
• CONDITIONING • PUNISHMENT THEORY
• POST CONDITIONING

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 CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING
In the study of psychology, conditioning is
the process of pairing two stimuli together
so that if one stimulus can trigger a reaction,
the other can do the same, too, simply by
learned association.

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 DETAILS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

• Classical conditioning, also called • Pavlov observed that his dogs

Pavlovian conditioning, is learning would salivate every time he
through the association of a neutral
entered the room, whether or
stimulus with a biologically potent
not he brought food, because
stimulus. The biologically potent
the dogs had associated his
stimulus is an involuntary response
entrance into the room with
also known as reflex or reflexive
being fed.
response.

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EXAMPLES OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING :
1. A w a rm and nur tur ing t e a che r (U S ) m a k e s
s t ud ent s fe el co nne c t e d (U R) . S t ud ent s
a s s o c ia t e g o ing t o s c ho o l (C S ) t o t he
t e a cher. Theref o re, s t ude nt s le a rn t o e njo y
g o ing t o s c ho o l ( C R)

2. G e t t ing a flu s ho t ( U S ) hurt s a nd ma k e s a

c hild c ry ( U R) . The c hild a s s o c ia t es t he
nee d le (C S ) w it h g et t ing a s ho t a nd c rie s
a t t he s ig ht o f t he ne e d le ( C R) .

3. A p a rent p ra is ing a c hild ’ s g o od be ha v io r

(U S ) m a k es t hem fe e l p ro ud (U R ). The
c hild as s oc ia t es t he b e ha v io r ( C S) w it h t he
p ra is es a nd eng a g e s in mo re g oo d
b e ha v io r (C R ) .
STAGES OF CONDITIONING

PRE
CONDITIONING
DIFFERENT STAGES
CONDITIONING
OF CONDITIONING
POST
CONDITIONING

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 THE 3 STAGES:
PRECONDITIONING : CONDITIONING : POST CONDITIONING :
This stage of learning In this stage learning occurs, Post conditioning is after
signifies that some learning is as we will see, in the next learning has occurred. So the
already present . There is no slide, when pairing of the dog, now, reliably salivates at
need to learn it again. For food and bell happens, the the sound of bell because he
example, food makes a dog dog will learn that the bell expects that food will soon
salivate. This does not need ringing, signals food coming follow.
to be learnt. and he salivates.

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 OPERANT
CONDITIONING
Operant conditioning, also called instrumental
conditioning, is a learning process through which
the strength of a behavior is modified by
reinforcement or punishment. It is also a procedure
that is used to bring about such learning .

INTRODUCTION 9
 SKINNER’S EXPERIMENT WITH
RATS :
• Skinner developed a special apparatus known as skinner’s box.

• This box has a grid floor, a system of light or sound produced

at the time of delivery of food in the food cup on the pressing

of lever.

• Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box. Pressure on the bar by

the rat would result in the production of a click and

emergence of food.

• The rat was rewarded for each pressing and repeated this and

ultimately learned to press the lever as desired by experiment.

10
 MECHANISM OF OPERANT CONDITIONING

SHAPING CHAINING DISCRIMINATION GENERALIZATION

The process of Chaining is refer It is a process of

It refer to the
building a chain to a process in using signals ,
ability of an
of responses which required clues to determine
behavior or a task when behavior is organism
through a step dealing with the
is broken down likely to be
by step process perception of
into simple steps reinforced or
is called shaping for it’s effective punished. response to
learning . similar stimuli

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 The behaviorist view of personality is that
EFFECTS OF personality is an adaptation of

OPERANT environment. In operant conditioning, you

learn a behavior by the consequence of
CONDITIONING that behavior, which in turn affects your
future behavior. So, when a behavior has a
ON PERSONALITY satisfying result, you learn to associate it
OF AN with that result and work to have it
repeated. On the flip side, a negative result
INDIVIDUAL will cause you to avoid that behavior to
avoid that result. Thus, leads to personality
development.

12
Types of Operant Conditioning
REINFORCEMENT
THEORY
 REINFORCEMENT
Due to the consequence, a
behavior/response is more likely
to occur in the future.

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 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

The process of encouraging or

establishing a pattern of behavior by
offering reward when the behavior is
exhibited.

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 NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENTS

Negative reinforcement is a
method that can be used to help
teach specific behaviors. With
negative reinforcement,
something uncomfortable or
otherwise unpleasant is taken
away in response to a stimulus

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PUNISHMENT
THEORY
 PUNISHMENT :
Due to the consequence, a behaviour/response is
less likely to occur in the future. It is weakened.
Punishment can occur as two types – positive
and negative. Positive means that you are giving
something – good or bad. Negative means that
something is being taken away – good or bad.

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 POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

If something bad or aversive is given

or added, then the behaviour is less
likely to occur in the future .

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 NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

This is when something good

is taken away or subtracted
making a behaviour less likely
in the future.

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 RADICAL
BEHAVIOURISM
“ A THOROUGH GOING FORM OF
BEHAVIOURISM THAT ATTEMPTS TO
UNDERSTAND ALL HUMAN
BEHAVIOUR, INCLUDING PRIVATE
EVENTS SUCH AS THOUGHTS AND
FEELINGS, TERMS OF CONTROLLING
VARIABLES IN THE HISTORY OF THE
PERSON AND THE SPECIES.”

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 DEFINITION-
• In simple terms, Radical Behaviourism is the
school of thought given by B.F. Skinner that
argues that behaviour, rather than mental states,
should be the focus of study in psychology. This
is what makes radical behaviourism “radical”,
• In this sense, behaviours such as a person’s acting
shy at a social gathering or a boss’s yelling at an
employee seemingly without reason are
attributed to external forces.

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USES OF RADICAL
BEHAVIOURISM:
• Professors and instructors can
teach radical behaviourism in
class but they can also use it
as a tool to produce more
positive educational
outcomes.
• They can apply radical
behaviourism to help increase
efficiency and move toward
personal goals.
 SUMMARY
• The theory of behaviourism by B.F. Skinner is largely derived from his first book “The Behaviour of Organisms”.

• In this sense, behaviours such as a person’s acting shy at a social gathering or a boss’s yelling at an employee seemingly
without reason are attributed to external forces.

• In the study of psychology, conditioning is the process of pairing two stimuli together so that if one stimulus can trigger
a reaction, the other can do the same, too, simply by learned association.

• Pre conditioning stage of learning signifies that some learning is already present. In conditioning stage learning occurs.
Post conditioning is after learning has occurred.

• Operant conditioning is a learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or
punishment.

• In Reinforcement, due to the consequence, a behavior/response is more likely to occur in the future. In Punishment, due
to the consequence, a behaviour/response is less likely to occur in the future.
26
 ADITYA
ARUNACHALAM MANASVITA VAID
PUNISHMENT REINFORCEMENT

KHUSHBOO
SHARMA AYAAN KHAN ARYA SHAILIJA DISHA SHAMA
STAGES OF CLASSICAL RADICAL OPERANT
CONDITIONING CONDITIONING BEHAVIOURISM CONDITIONING
SUMMARY

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