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OS-Course Contents

• What is an OS.
• Functions of OS
• The evaluation of OS.
• Client and Server OS and Differences.
• What are the popular types of OS.
• Comparison of Different Windows OS

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What is operating System

• Computer System = Hardware + Software

• Software = Application Software + System Software(OS)
• An Operating System is a system Software that acts as an
intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware.
• Operating system goals:
• Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier
• Make the computer system convenient to use
• Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner

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The Structure of Computer Systems

• Accessing computer resources is divided into layers.
• Each layer is isolated and only interacts directly with the layer below or above
it.
If we install a new hardware device
• No need to change anything about the user/applications.
• However, you do need to make changes to the operating system.
• You need to install the device drivers that the operating system will use to
control the new device.
 If we install a new software application
• No need to make any changes to your hardware.
• But we need to make sure the application is supported by the operating
system
• user will need to learn how to use the new application. Internal
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Operating System Mode

The User Mode is concerned with the actual interface between the user and the system.
It controls things like running applications and accessing files.

The Kernel Mode is concerned with

everything running in the background.

It controls things like accessing

system resources, controlling hardware
functions and processing program
instructions.

System calls are used to change mode from User to

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Kernel

• Kernel is a software code that reside in central core of OS. It has complete control over
system.
• When operation system boots, kernel is first part of OS to load in main memory.
• Kernel remains in main memory for entire duration of computer session. The kernel
code is usually loaded in to protected area of memory.
• Kernel performs it’s task like executing processes and handling interrupts in kernel
space.
• User performs it’s task in user area of memory.
• This memory separation is made in order to prevent user data and kernel data from
interfering with each other.
• Kernel does not interact directly with user, but it interacts using SHELL and other
programs and hardware

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Starting an Operating System(Booting)

• Power On Switch sends electricity to the motherboard on a wire called the Voltage Good line.
• If the power supply is good, then the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) chip takes over.
• In Real Mode, CPU is only capable of using approximately 1 MB of memory built into the motherboard.
• The BIOS will do a Power-On Self Test (POST) to make sure that all hardware are working.
• BIOS will then look for a small sector at the very beginning of your primary hard disk called MBR.
• The MBR contains a list, or map, of all of the partitions on your computer‘s hard disk (or disks).
• After the MBR is found the Bootstrap Loader follows basic instructions for starting up the rest of the computer, including the operating system.
• In Early Kernel Initialization stage, a smaller core of the Kernel is activated.
• This core includes the device drivers needed to use computer‘s RAM chips.

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BIOS

• BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM/EPROM (Erasable Programmable

Read-Only Memory) chip known as firmware on the PC motherboard.
• BIOS can be accessed during the initial phases of the boot procedure by
pressing del, F2 or F10.
• Finally, the firmware code cycles through all storage devices and looks for
a boot-loader. (usually located in first sector of a disk which is 512 bytes)
• If the boot-loader is found, then the firmware hands over control of the
computer to it

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Advanced Boot Options (F8) 

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Functions of Operating System

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Process Management

• A process is a program in execution.

• A process needs certain resources, including CPU time, memory, files,
and I/O devices to accomplish its task.
• Simultaneous execution leads to multiple processes. Hence creation,
execution and termination of a process are the most basic functionality of
an OS

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Memory Management

• Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address.
• It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
• Main memory is a volatile storage device. When the computer made turn off everything stored
in RAM will be erased automatically.
• In addition to the physical RAM installed in your computer, most modern operating systems
allow your computer to use a virtual memory system. Virtual memory allows your computer to
use part of a permanent storage device (such as a hard disk) as extra memory.
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with memory
management:
• Keep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom.
• Decide which processes to load when memory space becomes available.
• Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed.

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File Management

• A file is a collection of related information defined by its creator.

• File systems provide the conventions for the encoding, storage and management of data on a storage
device such as a hard disk.
• FAT12 (floppy disks)
• FAT16 (DOS and older versions of Windows)
• FAT32 (older versions of Windows)
• NTFS (newer versions of Windows)
• exFAT (Extended FAT)
•
• The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connections with file management:
• ✦ File creation and deletion.
• ✦ Directory creation and deletion.
• ✦ Mapping files onto secondary storage.
• ✦ File backup on stable (nonvolatile) storage media.

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Device Management or I/O Management

• Device controllers are components on the motherboard (or on expansion cards) that act as an
interface between the CPU and the actual device.
• Device drivers, which are the operating system software components that interact with the devices
controllers.
• A special device (inside CPU) called the Interrupt Controller handles the task of receiving interrupt
requests and prioritizes them to be forwarded to the processor.
• Deadlocks can occur when two (or more) processes have control of different I/O resources that are
needed by the other processes, and they are unwilling to give up control of the device.
• It performs the following activities for device management.
• Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system.
• Designates a program responsible for every device known as Input/output controller.
• Decides which process gets access to a certain device and for how long.
• Allocates devices in an effective and efficient way.
• Deallocates devices when they are no longer required. 

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Security & Protection

• The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and
similar other techniques.
• It also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data by
assigning access right permission to files and directories.
• The owners of information stored in a multiuser or networked computer
system may want to control use of that information, concurrent processes
should not interfere with each other.

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User Interface Mechanism

• A user interface (UI) controls how you enter data and instructions and
how information is displayed on the screen
• There are two types of user interfaces
• Command Line Interface
• Graphical user Interface

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History of Operating System

• The First Generation (1940's to early 1950's)

• No Operating System
• All programming was done in absolute machine language, often by wiring up plug-boards to control the machine’s
basic functions.
• The Second Generation (1955-1965)
• First operating system was introduced in the early 1950's.It was called GMOS
• Created by General Motors for IBM's machine the 701.
• Single-stream batch processing systems
• The Third Generation (1965-1980)
• Introduction of multiprogramming
• Development of Minicomputer
• The Fourth Generation (1980-Present Day)
• Development of PCs
• Birth of Windows/MaC OS

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Client and Server OS

• 1. Client OS :
It is an operating system that operates within desktop. It is used to obtain
services from a server. It run on the client devices like laptop, computer
and is very simple operating system. Example-Windows 98; Windows XP,
Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 10
• 2. Server OS :
It is an operating system that is designed to be used on server. It is used to
provide services to multiple client. It can serve multiple client at a time and
is very advanced operating. Example-Windows 2000 Server, 2003 Server,
2008 Server, 2012 Server, 2016 Server and 2019 Server

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Difference between Client OS and Server OS

• Server OS • Client OS
• Runs on Server Hardware • Runs on Desktop or other portable
hardware devices

• Provide services to multiple clients

and end user devices • Can obtain services from Server

• It provides more security • It provides less security

• It is highly efficient and stable • It is less efficient and stable

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Client-Server Networking

• Client–server networking involves a central, powerful computer called a

server, and a number of client computers that need to connect to the
server to carry out specific tasks.

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Peer to Peer Networking

• In peer-to-peer networking, there is no central server. Instead, all the

computers in the network have equivalent capabilities and access rights.
Every peer shares a portion of their resources with the others.

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Popular types of OS

• Desktop Class
• Windows
• OS X
• Unix/Linux
• Chrome OS
• Server Class
• Windows Server
• Mac OS X Server
• Unix/Linux
• Mobile Class
• Android
• iOS
• Windows Phone

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32bit Vs 64bit Operating System

32 Bit Operating System 64 Bit Operating System

It Addresses maximum 4 GB of Ram •It Addresses large size of Ram upto 18-
Quintillion GB of RAM.
A 32-bit processor system could properly
•A 64-bit processor system can run either a
run a 32-bit OS, but it cannot run the 64-bit 32-bit or 64-bit version of an installed
OS at its full capability. operating system
The 64-bit programs and applications won't •The 32-bit programs and applications will
work. work with no hassle.
32-bit systems have dual-core and quad- •64bit systems can come with dual-core,
core versions available. quad-core, six-core, and eight-core
versions. Having these multiple cores
available has increased its speed of
calculations per second.

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Roles and Features of Windows Server

• Role-Server role is a set of software programs that, when they are installed
and properly configured, lets a computer perform a specific function for multiple
users or other computers within a network.
• Roles:-Windows AD/DC Server, DNS, DHCP, File, Print, Terminal Server,
IIS
• Feature : On the other hand feature are add ons which can support or augment
the functionality of one or more roles, or improve the functionality of the server,
regardless of which roles are installed.
• Features-.NET, Remote Assistance, SNMP, telnet server & client, Failover,
Windows server Backup

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Comparison of Different Windows Versions

• Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions - Wikipedia

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 Gauri Shankar Singh

Technical Training-Windows Team

TietoEVRY
[email protected]