Computer System

Architecture
 Introduction

 why study Computer Org. & Arch.

 Digital Computer

 Few Basic Points ( Architecture & Organization )

 Von Neumann computer

 Basic org. Of computer

Historical perspective
Computer is an electronic machine that makes performing any task very easy. In

computer, the CPU executes each instruction provided to it, in a series of steps, this

series of steps is called Machine Cycle, and is repeated for each instruction.

One machine cycle involves fetching of instruction, decoding the

instruction, transferring the data, executing the instruction.

Computer system has five basic units

1. Input Unit

2. Output Unit

3. Storage Unit

4. Arithmetic Logic Unit

5. Control Unit
 Input Unit

Input unit connects the external environment with internal computer system.

It provides data and instructions to the computer system.

Commonly used input devices are keyboard, mouse, magnetic tape etc.

Input unit performs following tasks:

Accept the data and instructions from the outside environment.

Convert it into machine language.

Supply the converted data to computer system.

 Output Unit
It connects the internal system of a computer to the external environment. It provides
the results of any computation, or instructions to the outside world. Some output
devices are printers, monitor etc
Storage Unit
This unit holds the data and instructions. It also stores the intermediate results
before these are sent to the output devices. It also stores the data for later use.
The storage unit of a computer system can be divided into two categories:
Primary Storage: This memory is used to store the data which is being currently
executed. It is used for temporary storage of data. The data is lost, when the
computer is switched off. RAM is used as primary storage memory.
Secondary Storage: The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than primary
memory. It is used for permanent storage of data. Commonly used secondary
memory devices are hard disk, CD etc.
 ALU
All the calculation are performed in ALU of the computer system . The ALU can perform
basic operations such as addition , substation, Multiplication , division etc. Whenever
calculations are required the control unit transfer the data from storage unit to ALU ,
when the result is done then the result is transferred back to storage unit.
Control Unit
It controls the all other unit of the computer . It control the flow of data and instruction
to and from the storage unit to ALU.
That is also know as Central nervous system of the Computer
CPU
It is Central Processing Unit of the computer. The control unit and ALU are together
known as CPU. CPU is the brain of computer system. It performs following tasks:
It performs all operations.
It takes all decisions.
It controls all the units of computer.
Block Diagram of computer
 Digital Computer

Computer
Input data O/P
Circuit

Analog Computer ???

Program ???
 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality,
organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions of
architecture define it as describing the capabilities and programming model of a
computer but not a particular implementation.
In other definitions computer architecture involves instruction set
architecture design, micro-architecture design, logic design, and implementation.
 COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

Computer org. Is concerned with the way the H/W components operate and the
way they are connected together to from the computer system.
A knowledge of computer org. Can help one to understand the internal operations
that are carried out by a computer while a program is being executed.
Computer org. Deals with how the different components of a computer such as the
processor , memory and other peripheral devices are interconnected , and the roles
that the different component play during program execution.
Application
Program

System
Program

Architecture

Organization
 Von Neumann Computer Architecture
Von Neumann architecture was first published by John von Neumann in 1945.
His computer architecture design consists of a Control Unit, ALU, Memory
Unit, Registers and Inputs/Outputs.
Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer concept, where
instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the electronic circuit responsible for executing the
instructions of a computer program.
Registers
Registers are high speed storage areas in the CPU.  All data must be stored in
a register before it can be processed
MAR :- Memory Address Register:- Holds the memory location of data that needs to be accessed
MDR:- Memory Data Register Holds data that is being transferred to or from memory
AC:- Accumulator Where intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored
PC:- Program Counter Contains the address of the next instruction to be executed
CIR:- Current Instruction Register Contains the current instruction during processing
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The ALU allows arithmetic (add, subtract etc) and logic (AND, OR, NOT etc) operations to
be carried out.
 Control Unit (CU)
The control unit controls the operation of the computer’s ALU, memory and input/output
devices, telling them how to respond to the program instructions it has just read and
interpreted from the memory unit.
The control unit also provides the timing and control signals required by other computer
components.
Buses
Buses are the means by which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another,
connecting all major internal components to the CPU and memory.
A standard CPU system bus is comprised of a control bus, data bus and address bus.
Address Bus:- Carries the addresses of data (but not the data) between the processor and
memory
Data Bus:- Carries data between the processor, the memory unit and the input/output
devices
Control Bus:- Carries control signals/commands from the CPU (and status signals from
other devices) in order to control and coordinate all the activities within the computer
 Memory Unit
The memory unit consists of RAM, sometimes referred to as primary or main
memory.  

hard drive (secondary memory), this memory is fast and also directly accessible by
the CPU.

RAM is split into partitions.  Each partition consists of an address and its contents
(both in binary form).

The address will uniquely identify every location in the memory.

Loading data from permanent memory (hard drive), into the faster and directly
accessible temporary memory (RAM), allows the CPU to operate much quicker.
 Basic organization of a Computer

The important parts of a digital computer :-

1. Processor
2. Main Memory
3. Hard disk ( Secondary memory)
4. Input / Output Devices
5. Interconnection Bus

Processor Monitor

Interconnection Bus

Hard- Key-
Memory
disk board
 Processor

The processor is responsible for fetching an instruction stored in the memory and

executing it . It contains a arithmetic and logic unit for manipulating data, a number of

registers for storing data and control unit.

Main memory : Ram (Random access memory) bcz CPU can access any location in

memory at random .

Bus :- bus is group of wires. These wires into control and address wires.
 Historical Perspective

First Generation :- 1941-1956

Computation :- Vacuum Tube
Storage :- Magnetic Drums
Some Key point :-
1) Tubes consumed large amount of energy so system overly heated up & break-down
2) System results in low reliability due to system beak-down.
3) Small amount of data storage.
4) Machine language is only Programming language .

Second Generation :- 1956 – 1963

Computation :- Transistor
Storage :- Magnetic Drums
Key points:-
5) Less power & Energy consumed
6) Operation is faster as compare to 1st Generation
7) Assembly Language introduced
8) Printer, magnetic tap , punch card are used
 Third Generation :- 1964-1971

Computation :- Integrated Circuit (IC)

Some Key point :-
1) Monitor and key-board introduced
2) HLL :- COBOL , FORTRAN
Cobol:- common business oriented language
Fortran :- formula translator

Fourth Generation :- 1971-1980

Computation :- VLSI , Microprocessor

Fourth Generation :- 1980 – Present

Computation :- ULSI , Microprocessor & Microcontroller