ICT

FUNDA
MENTA
L
Lecture 05

Farkhunda Dorin
Senior Management Counsellor
Bangladesh Institute of Management
[email protected]
COMMUNICATION MEDIA
 Un Guided media
 Radio
 The frequency spectrum operates from 3KHz to 30GHz.

Ultra-low frequency (ULF) : 0-3 Hz

Extremely low frequency (ELF) : 3 Hz - 3 kHz
Very low frequency (VLF) : 3kHz-30 kHz
Low frequency (LF) : 30 kHz - 300 kHz
Medium frequency (MF) : 300 kHz - 3 MHz
High frequency (HF) : 3MHz - 30 MHz
Very high frequency (VHF) : 30 MHz - 300 MHz
Ultra-high frequency (UHF): 300MHz - 3 GHz
Super high frequency (SHF): 3GHz - 30 GHz
Extremely high frequency (EHF): 30GHz - 300 GHz
 COMMUNICATION MEDIA- UN
GUIDED
Radio Frequency
 At Transmitting end
 convert the speech or music

to be transmitted to electric
signals using a microphone
 boost up the power of the

signal using amplifiers

 radiate the signal in space

with an antenna.
At the receiver end,
one could have a pick-up
antenna feeding the speech
or music signal to an
amplifier and a loud speaker
COMMUNICATION MEDIA- UN
GUIDED
 Microwave
 Electro Magnetic wave
 Frequency range 3GHz to 30 GHz
 Microwave transmission is line of sight transmission
 Transmit station must be in visible contact with the receive
station
 This sets a limit on the distance between stations depending
on the local geography. Typically the line of sight due to the
Earth's curvature is only 50 km to the horizon! Repeater
stations must be placed so the data signal can hop, skip and
jump across the country
COMMUNICATION MEDIA- UN
GUIDED
 Microwave
COMMUNICATION MEDIA- UN
GUIDED
 Satellites
 Satellites are transponders that are set in a geostationary orbit directly
over the equator
 A transponder is a unit that receives on one frequency and retransmits
on another.
 The geostationary orbit is 36,000 km from the Earth's surface. At this
point, the gravitational pull of the Earth and the centrifugal force of
Earths rotation are balanced and cancel each other out.
COMMUNICATION MEDIA- UN
GUIDED
 Satellites
DIFFERENT TYPES OF NETWORK
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 A computer network that spans a relatively small area is termed as
LAN.
 Most LANs are confined to a single building or group of
buildings.
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
 It
is a network that spans a metropolitan area.
 Generally, a MAN spans a larger geographic area than a LAN,
but a smaller geographic area than a WAN.
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
 One LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via
telephone lines and radio waves.
 A system of LANs connected in this way is called a wide-area
network (WAN).
VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)
 A network that is constructed by using public network to connect
nodes.
 It enables a computer or network-enabled device to send and receive
data across shared or public networks as if it were directly
connected to the private network, while benefiting from the
functionality, security and management policies of the public
network
VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN)
Benefits of VPN are:
 Extend geographic connectivity.

 Improve security where data lines have not been

ciphered.
 Reduce operational costs in compared with traditional
WAN.
 Reduce transit time and transportation costs for remote
users.
 Simplify network topology in certain scenarios.

 Provide global networking opportunities.

NETWORK DEVICES
 Network Interface Card(NIC)
 A network interface card (NIC) is a computer circuit board or
card that is installed in a computer so that it can be connected to a
network.
 Network interface cards provide a dedicated, full-time connection
to a network.

 Modem
 Short for modulator/demodulator.
 A communications device that converts one form of a signal to
another that is suitable for transmission over communication
circuits, typically from digital to analog and then from analog to
digital.
 
NETWORK DEVICES
 Repeater
 Repeaters are physical hardware devices that have a primary
function to regenerate the electrical signal by: reshaping the
waveform, amplifying the waveform, or retiming the signal.
 Hub
 Hubs are also called Multiport Repeaters or Concentrators.
They are physical hardware devices.
 Minimum intelligence - no microprocessors.

 Bridge
 The purposes of a Bridge are: isolates networks by MAC
addresses, manages network traffic by filtering packets and
translate from one protocol to another.
NETWORK DEVICES
 Switch
 Switches configure themselves automatically. They listen to traffic
on each Ethernet port and discover to which port each attached
device is connected.
 Switches are used to link physical segments of a network together
and allow data to move between these segments.
 receive, process and forward data to the destination device

 Router
 A router is a device that forwards data packets along networks.
 A router is connected to at least two networks, commonly two
LANs or WANs
 Routers are hardware and software devices. They can be cards that
plug into a collapsed backbone, stand-alone devices (rack mount or
desktop) or software that would run on a file server with 2 NICs.
SOME TERMINOLOGY

 Bandwidth
 The maximum amount of data that can be carried over a specific
transmission media in a fixed amount of time.
 Frequency
 The number of cycle a signal completes in one second. Frequency is a
general measurement of the rate of change of a signal with respect to
time.
 If the value of a signal changes over very short span of time, its frequency
is high. If it changes over a long span of time, its frequency is low.
 Topology
 The physical structure of a network. The physical topology refers to how
the computers in a network are actually connected and arranged. The
overall appearance includes the types of cables that are used to connect
the network, as well as how the computers are physically configured to
communicate with other computers in the network.
SOME TERMINOLOGY

 Protocol
 The set of rules of communication over a network.
 Protocol - a set of communication rules to make sure that
everyone speaks the same language.
 Domain Name
 The English-like name of a Web site.
 Domain names serve as humanly-memorable names for
Internet participants, like computers, networks, and services.
 An important function of domain names is to provide easily
recognizable names to numerically addressed Internet
resources. For example, the domain name microsoft.com
represents about a dozen IP addresses.
SOME TERMINOLOGY

 VoIP
 VoIP is an acronym for Voice over Internet Protocol, or in
more common terms phone service over the Internet.
 If you have a reasonable quality Internet connection you can
get phone service delivered through your Internet connection
instead of from your local phone company. So VoIP is the
process of using Internet backbone for voice communication
as phone.
 Web 2.0
 The new version of the Web site that allows users to share,
create, edit contents on the Web.