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Lecture 2 - Instruments For Optical Spectros

The document discusses the key components of optical spectroscopic instruments, including sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, sample containers, radiation transducers, and signal processors. It describes the components in detail and explains how they work together in typical instrument configurations for measurements like absorption and fluorescence. The components discussed are common across most optical spectroscopic methods and instruments.

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Belay Haile
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185 views19 pages

Lecture 2 - Instruments For Optical Spectros

The document discusses the key components of optical spectroscopic instruments, including sources of radiation, wavelength selectors, sample containers, radiation transducers, and signal processors. It describes the components in detail and explains how they work together in typical instrument configurations for measurements like absorption and fluorescence. The components discussed are common across most optical spectroscopic methods and instruments.

Uploaded by

Belay Haile
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1

INSTRUMENTS FOR OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY


Belay Haile, MSc (Analytical Chemistry), PhD Scholar (Postharvest
Technology), Arba Minch University, CNS, Chemistry Department,
Arba Minch Ethiopia February 2021
2

Components of optical instruments

Optical spectroscopic Although the instruments for


methods are based upon six measuring each differ
phenomena: somewhat in configuration,
1. Absorption most of their basic
components are remarkably
2. Fluorescence
similar.
3. Phosphorescence
4. Scattering
5. Emission
6. Chemiluminescence
3

Components of typical spectroscopic instruments:


1. A stable source of radiant energy (sources of radiation)
2. A transparent container for holding the sample(sample
cell)
3. A device that isolates a restricted region of the spectrum
for measurement (wavelength selector, monochromator
or grating)
4. A radiation detector, which converts radiant energy to a
usable electrical signal
5. A signal processor and readout, which displays the
transduced signal.
4

Configuration of an optical instrument

a)The arrangement for absorption


measurements: Source radiation of the
selected wavelength is sent through the
sample, and the transmitted radiation is
measured by the detector-signal
processing-readout unit.
5

(b)The configuration for fluorescence


measurements. Here, two wavelength
selectors are needed to select the
excitation and emission wavelengths.
• The selected source radiation is
incident on the sample and the
radiation emitted is measured,
usually at right angles to avoid
scattering.

(c) The configuration for emission


spectroscopy. Here, a source of thermal
energy, such as a flame or plasma, produces
an analyte vapor that emits radiation
isolated by the wavelength selector and
converted to an electrical signal by the
detector.
6

Sources of Radiation
In order to be suitable for spectroscopic studies, a source

 must generate a beam of radiation with sufficient power


for easy detection and measurement

 output power should be stable for reasonable periods.

 Sources are of two types:


(1) Continuum sources
(2) Line Sources
7

Continuum Sources:
Emit radiation that changes in intensity only slowly as a function
of wavelength.
Widely used in absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy
For the ultraviolet region, the most common source is the
deuterium lamp.
High pressure gas filled arc lamps that contain argon, xenon,
or mercury serve when a particular intense source is required.
For the visible region of the spectrum, the tungsten filament
lamp is used universally.
The common infrared sources are inert solids heated to 1500 to
2000 K.
8

Line Sources:
• Sources that emit a few discrete lines find wide use in atomic
absorption spectroscopy, atomic and molecular fluorescence
spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.

• Mercury and sodium vapor lamps provide a relatively few


sharp lines in the ultraviolet and visible regions and are
used in several spectroscopic instruments.

• Hollow cathode lamps and electrodeless discharge lamps are


the most important line sources for atomic absorption and
fluorescence methods.
9

Continuum Source Line Source

Output from a deuterium lamp Portion of spectrum from a dual element


hollow cathode lamp
10

Wavelength Selectors
 Need to select wavelengths (λ) of
light for optical measurements.

 Ideally, the output from a


wavelength selector would be a
radiation of a single wavelength or
frequency.

 No real wavelength selector


Note: The effective bandwidth, is an inverse
approaches this ideal; instead, a measure of the quality of the device, a narrower
band produced as shown in bandwidth representing better performance.
Figure.
11

… Wavelength Selectors
There are two types of wavelength selectors:
FILTERS and
 MONOCHROMATORS
There are 3 types of filters:
• absorption filters
• interference filters
• cut-off filters (may be considered as absorption filter)
2 types of dispersing elements can be used in a MC
prism
grating
12

Filters
Simple, rugged (no moving parts in general)
Relatively inexpensive
Can select some broad range of wavelengths
 Most often used in ;
• field instruments
• simpler instruments
• dedicated to monitoring a single wavelength range.
13

Drawbacks of filters

• They are not very good wavelength selectors and can’t be

used in instruments utilized in research.


• This is because they allow the passage of a broad

bandwidth which gives a chance for deviations from


Beer’s law.
• They absorb a significant fraction of the desired radiation.
14

Monochromators
 For many spectroscopic methods, it is necessary or desirable to be able to continuously
vary the wavelength of radiation over a broad range. This process is called scanning a
spectrum.

 Monochromators are designed for spectral scanning.

 Monochromators for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation are all similar in
mechanical construction in the sense that they use slits, lenses, mirrors, windows, and
gratings or prisms.

 The materials from which these components are fabricated depend on the wavelength
region of intended use.

 Monochromators are very important part in an AA spectrometer.


15

Sample Containers
 The cells or cuvettes that hold the samples must be made of
material that is transparent to radiation in the spectral
region of interest.
 Quartz or fused silica is required for work in the ultraviolet region
(below 350 nm), both of these substances are transparent in the
visible region.
 Silicate glasses can be employed in the region between 350 and
2000 nm.
 Plastic containers can be used in the visible region.
 Crystalline NaCl is the most common cell windows in the IR region.
16

Radiation Transducers
• The detectors are devices that convert radiant energy into electrical signal.

• The detectors for early spectroscopic instruments were the human eye or a
photographic plate or film.

• Nowadays more modern detectors are in use that convert radiant energy into
electrical signal.

• A detector should be sensitive, and has a fast response over a considerable range
of wavelengths.

• In addition, the electrical signal produced by the detector must be directly


proportional to the transmitted intensity (linear response).
17

Ideal transducer
High sensitivity
High signal to noise ratio (S/N) i.e., low noise
Constant response over many λ’s (wide range of
wavelength)
Fast response time
S = 0 if no light present (low dark current)
Signal α P (where P = radiant power)
Rugged, cheap and simple
18

Some terminologies
Signal-to-noise ratio: The ratio of the signal’s intensity to
the average intensity of the surrounding noise.

Monochromatic: Electromagnetic radiation of a single


Wavelength

Polychromatic: Electromagnetic radiation of more than


one wavelength.
19

Signal Processors and Readouts


• The signal processor is ordinarily an electronic device that
amplifies the electrical signal from the transducer.

• In addition, it may alter the signal from dc to ac (or the


reverse), change the phase of the signal, and filter it to
remove unwanted components.

• Furthermore, the signal processor may be called upon to


perform such mathematical operations on the signal as
differentiation, integration, or conversion to a logarithm.

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