Unit - 1: Introduction To Machine Tools & Machines

UNIT - 1
Introduction to Machine Tools &

Machines
In tro du ct io n Ma ch in e To ol s
Machine Tools: Machining equipment that cuts, shears, punches,
presses, drills, grinds. Machine tools are generally the power
driven metal cutting or metal farming machines used to
alter/change the workpiece to the required shape and size by:
• Cutting away the unwanted sections
• Pressing, drawing, punching or shearing
• Controlled electrical machinery process
Machine tools can be classified by different criteria as given below:
1. By the degree of automation into
a. Machine tool with manual control
b. Semi-automatic machine tools and
c. Automatic machine tool.
1. Machine tools are operated manually or with automatic control. The
earlier machines used flywheels to stabilize their motion and had
complex system of gears and levers to control the machine and the
piece being worked on.
2. Machines continued to be improved and soon after World War II, the
numerical controlled (NC) machine was developed. The NC machines
used a series of numbers punched on paper tape or punch cards to
control their motion.

3. Lately computers have been added and the
Computerized Numerical Control (CNC)
machines have allowed industry to produce parts
quickly and accurately. The same part can be
reproduced to the exact accuracy, any number of
times if the part programme has been properly
prepared. The operating commands that control
the machine tool are executed with amazing
speed, accuracy, efficiency and reliability.
2. By weight into
a. Light duty machine tools weighing up to 1 tonne.
b. Medium duty machine tools weighing up to 10 tonne and
c. Heavy duty machine tools weighing greater than 10 tonne.
3. By the degree of specialisation into
a. General purpose machine tools – which can perform
various operations on workpiece of different shapes and sizes.
b. Single purpose machine tools – which can perform single
operation on work pieces of a particular shape and different
sizes
c. Special machine tools – which can perform a single operation
on workpiece of particular shape and size.
Gen era ti on o f Ma ch in e To ol s
For becoming the finished product, various
operations such as turning, drilling, milling,
threading, reaming, grinding etc., have to be
performed. A variety of machine tools to perform
these operations and the choice of a particular
machine essentially depends on: 1. Material of the
workpiece
2. Nature of metal cutting operations
3. Number of parts to be machined
4. Degree of accuracy desired
Gen era ti on o f Ma ch in e To ol s
Any machine tool chosen will have the capability to:
1. Hold and support the workpiece and cutting tool
2. Impart suitable reciprocating or rotary movement to the cutting
tool or workpiece
3. Regulate the cutting speed and feeding movement between the
tool and workpiece so that the desired cutting actions, accuracy and
repeatability can be achieved.
Basic machine tools are the machines that are used for general
purpose metal cutting operations within their range and these
include engine lathe machine, drilling lathe machine, shapers lathe
machine, milling machines, grinder lathe machine and power
hacksaws lathe machine, Planer lathe machine, Sloter lathe machine
etc.
LAT HE M ACH IN E
Working Principle: The lathe is a machine tool which
holds the workpiece between two rigid and strong
supports called centers or in a chuck or face plate
which revolves. The cutting tool is rigidly held and
supported in a tool post which is fed against the
revolving work. The normal cutting operations are
performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel or
at right angles to the axis of the work. The cutting
tool may also be fed at an angle relative to the axis of
work for machining tapers and angles.
LAT HE M ACH IN E
Construction: The main parts of the lathe

are the bed, headstock, quick changing gear
box, carriage and tailstock.
LAT HE M ACH IN E
LAT HE O PE RA TI ON S
Plain Turning: Plain turning is the
operation of removing excess
amount of material from the surface
of a cylindrical job.
2. Step Turning: Step turning
produces various steps of different
diameters.
3. Facing: The facing is a machining
operation by which the end surface of
the workpiece is made flat by
removing metal from it.
4. Parting: The parting or cutting off is
the operation of cutting away a
desired length of the workpiece, i.e.,
dividing the workpiece in two or more
parts
14. Taper Turning: The taper turning
is an operation of producing a conical
surface by gradual reduction in the
diameter of a cylindrical workpiece.
9. Grooving: Grooving is the act of
making grooves of reduced diameter
in the workpiece.
0. Threading: Threading is the act of
cutting of the required form of
threads on the internal or external
cylindrical surfaces.
11. Forming: The forming is an
operation that produces a convex,
concave or any irregular profile on the
workpiece.
1.1 Working and Auxiliary Motions in
Machine tools
For obtaining the required shape on the workpiece, it is necessary
that the cutting edge of the
cutting tool should move in a particular manner with respect to
the workpiece.
The relative movement between the workpiece and cutting edge can
be obtained either by the motion of the
workpiece, the cutting tool, or by a combination of the motions of the
workpiece and cutting tool.
These motions which are essential to impart the required shape to
the workpiece are known as working motions. Working motions can
further be classified as:
1. Drive motion or primary cutting motion
2. Feed motion
Machine tools
Working motions in machine tools are generally of
two types: rotary & translatory. Working motions of
some important groups of machine tools are shown in
figure:
Machine tools
Working motions in machine tools are generally of
two types: rotary & translatory. Working motions of
some important groups of machine tools are shown in
figure:

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UNIT - 1

Introduction to Machine Tools &

1. Machine tools are operated manually or with automatic control. The

earlier machines used flywheels to stabilize their motion and had

piece being worked on.

numerical controlled (NC) machine was developed. The NC machines

used a series of numbers punched on paper tape or punch cards to

control their motion.

Construction: The main parts of the lathe

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