IDENTIFY THE AVAILABLE

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN
THE LABORATORY ON THE BASIS
OF THEIR SOURCE

R 34 ARYA ROY
CIVIL ENGINEERING
 OBJECTIVE

This helps us to know more about the

2. Artificial sources:
 Cement
 Brick
 Tiles
 Steel
 Glass
 PVC and plastic products
 AEC Block
 Paver block
PROCEDURE
1. Firstwe have to take some construction
material samples like timber, soil etc.
2. Then we have to identify the source of
taken samples.
3. Now, we have to state their uses.
4. For artificially-made materials, we have to
identify and state the process by which
they have been made.
STONE/MARBLE
Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of
recrystallized carbonate minerals. The most
common source of marble is limestone.
Marble is used principally for buildings and
monuments, interior decoration, table tops
and novelties.
STONE/MARBLE
FINE AGGREGATES (SAND)
Sand is a granular material composed of finely divided rock and
mineral particles.
Sand is of three types. These are:
1. Pit Sand: This sand is found as deposits in soil and it is
obtained by forming pits into soils.
2. River Sand: This sand is obtained from banks or beds of
rivers.
3. Sea Sand: This sand is obtained from sea shores
Sand is used to provide bulk, strength, and other properties
to construction materials like asphalt and concrete. It is also
used as a decorative material in landscaping. Specific types of
sand are used in the manufacture of glass and as a molding
material for metal casting.
SAND
COARSE AGGREGATES (GRAVEL)
 Gravel is a mix of crushed rock pieces or small
rocks.
Also known as crushed stone, gravel is made up of
unconsolidated rock fragments. The most common
types of rock used in gravel are sandstone,
limestone, and basalt.
Gravel is an important commercial product, with a
number of applications. Almost half of all gravel
production is used as aggregate for concrete. Much
of the rest is used for road construction, either in
the road base or as the road surface.
COARSE AGGREGATES (GRAVEL)
TIMBER
Timber is a type of wood which has been processed into
beams and planks. 
Timber comes from trees. They can be categorized as
hardwood and softwood. Hardwood trees take a long time
to grow, around 60 years or so and include ash, balsa,
beech, mahogany and oak. Softwood trees take around half
the time, 25 to 30 years and include larch, pine and spruce.
Timber is widely used in work wood producing boxes,
furniture, matches, and crates. Most of the timber used from
the tropical forests is hardwood. Normally, timber finds use
in the construction industry in three ways mainly as – sawn
wood, veneers and plywood, and fiberboards.
TIMBER
SOIL
 Soil is the loose surface material that
covers most land. It consists of inorganic
particles and organic matter.
Soil is formed from rocks that are
decomposed slowly by sun, the wind and
the rain, by animals and plants.
Soil provides the structural support to plants
used in agriculture and is also their source
of water and nutrients.
SOIL
WATER
Water is a substance composed of the chemical elements
hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid,
and solid states.
Our main sources of water are surface water,
groundwater and collected rainwater, all of which are
dependent on rain and snow falling on the Earth's
surface.
Water is mainly used in processing wood to make paper
and in producing steel for automobiles. The bulk of the
world's water use is for agriculture, industry, and
electricity. Water is also the key ingredient in cement
manufacturing.
WATER
CEMENT
A cement is a binder, a substance used for
construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other
materials to bind them together.
The most important raw materials for the production
of cement are limestone, clay, and marl.
Cement is mainly used as a binder in concrete, which
is a basic material for all types of construction,
including housing, roads, schools, hospitals, dams
and ports, as well as for decorative applications (for
patios, floors, staircases, driveways, pool decks) and
items like tables, sculptures or bookcases.
CEMENT
BRICKS
A brick is a man-made building material used to make walls and
make places to walk. It is a single unit of a kneaded clay-
bearing soil, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened
or air-dried, used in masonry construction. Bricks are made
mostly of clay. A brick is used to build walls, pavements and
other elements in masonry construction.
Normally, bricks contain the following ingredients:
Sl. INGREDIENT PERCENTAGE BY
No. S WEIGHT
1 Silica 50-60%
2 Alumina 20-30%
3 Lime 2-5%
4 Iron Oxide ≤ 7%
5 Magnesia < 1%
BRICKS
TILES
Tiles in building construction are thin plates
or elements used to cover surfaces like
roofs, floors, and walls. Tiles in the present
scenario are a primary element in bringing
building interior as well as exterior
finishing and beauty. They are mainly made
up of clay material or any form of inorganic
raw material.
TILES
STEEL
Steel is an alloy made up of iron with typically
a few tenths of a percent of carbon to improve
its strength and fracture resistance compared to
other forms.
Steel is made from iron ore, a compound of
iron, oxygen and other minerals that occurs in
nature.
Steel is used because it binds well to concrete,
has a similar thermal expansion coefficient and
is strong and relatively cost-effective.
STEEL
GLASS
Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent
amorphous solid.
Glass is made from natural and abundant raw
materials (sand, soda ash and limestone) that are
melted at very high temperature.
Glass is used in the building industry as insulation
material, structural component, external glazing
material, cladding material; it is used to make
delicate looking fenestrations on facades as well as
conventional windows.
GLASS
P.V.C. AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS
Polymerization of vinyl chloride (monomer) results in
the production of polyvinylchloride or PVC, which is its
abbreviated name. PVC is one of the most used plastic
materials in the world.
The basic raw materials for PVC are derived from salt
and oil. Chlorine is manufactured by the electrolysis of
sodium chloride, salt.
PVC (or Vinyl) is an economical and versatile
thermoplastic polymer widely used in the building and
construction industry to produce door and window
profiles, pipes (drinking and wastewater), wire and cable
insulation, medical devices, etc.
P.V.C. AND PLASTIC PRODUCTS
AAC Block
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a
lightweight, precast, foam concrete building
material suitable for producing concrete
masonry unit (CMU) like blocks.
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is
made with fine aggregates, cement, and an
expansion agent that causes the fresh
mixture to rise like bread dough. In fact,
this type of concrete contains 80 percent air.
AAC Block
PAVER BLOCK
 Paver block or paving block is one of the
most popular flexible surface treatment
options for exterior pavement applications.
Paving block is usually made of mixed
material such as Portland cement or other
adhesive material, water, and aggregate.
 Paver blocks are used for exterior
pavement applications.
PAVER BLOCK