DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

MID LA UNION CAMPUS

San Fernando City, La Union

ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

RECIPROCATING PUMPS
2nd Semester 2018-2019

THELMA T. OBILLO, PME

Faculty, Mechanical Engineering Department
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

RECIPROCATING PUMPS
A reciprocating pump is positive displacement unit wherein the pumping action is
accomplished by the forward and backward movement of a piston or plunge inside a
cylinder usually provided with valves.

Reciprocating pump can be single acting or double acting. They can be simplex,
duplex, triplex, etc., depending on the number of water cylinders on the machine. Due to
the manner of operation of direct acting steam pumps, practically almost all direct acting
steam pumps are built double acting.

PISTON TYPE

Piston types are used for low pressure, light=duty or intermittent service. Less expensive
than the plunger design, but cannot handle gritty liquids.

PLUNGER TYPE

Plunger types are used for high pressure, heavy duty or continuous service. Suitable for
gritty and foreign material service, and more expensive than the piston design.
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

TYPES OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS

 DIRECT ACTING STEAM PUMP

This type has a steam cylinder with no lap on valves. A water cylinder and common,
piston rod. as there is no lap, the steam is admitted throughout the length of the stroke, hence
the pressure volume diagram of the steam end is rectangle. Consequently, the water end flow
diagram will also be a rectangle with the discharge flow constant throughout the length of the
stroke and going down to zero value at the instant of reversal of the piston at the end of each
stroke.

 CRANK AND FLYWHEEL RECIPROCATING PUMP

This type is driven by compound, cross-compound, or triple expansion steam engines. In

large sizes such units are known as pumping engines.
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

TYPES OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS

 POWER DRIVEN PUMP

This type receives its forward and backward motion in the piston and plunger from the
rotary motion of a revolving crank. shafts by means of rank end connecting rod.

 DIRECT ACTING PUMP

Prime mover is steam engine.

 INDIRECT ACTING PUMP

Prime mover is electric motor/internal combustion engine.

 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

ACCESSORIES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

The reciprocating pump needs some accessories for better and safe operation besides the
piston and cylinder and various forms of valves are used.

 AIR CHAMBER

It absorbs shocks and surge m the discharge line and relieves the pump from excessive
strains arising therefrom. Air chambers ensure a steady supply of water and reduces pounding.

The size of air chamber required depends on the type of pump, and generally on the
pressure and length of pipe line; Air chambers can be placed either. on the suction side or
discharge side of the piping installation.

 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

This should be installed on the discharge side b pump and any other valve.
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

ACCESSORIES OF RECIPROCATING PUMP

 AIR COCK

Air cock is mounted on top of the chamber and is called a "vent“. The vent is used to remove
entrapped air from pump when it start.

 STRAIN AND FOOT VALVE

Strain and foot valve are placed on the suction end of the line. Strainer prevents any foreign
matter from clogging the line or lodging under the valve, while the foot valves prevents the water from
draining out of the suction line.

The foot valve should be of a size at least equal to the size of the suction pipe. The clear
area of the strainer should be at least three times the area of the suction pipe in order to minimize
head loss at this point.
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RECIPREDCATING PUMPS

 ADVANTAGES OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS

 - Reciprocating pumps have the advantage of being able to start without priming.

1. - Reciprocating units generally have Higher efficiencies than the centrifugal units.

2. - When operating at constant speed reciprocating machines will deliver a fixed capacity at any
discharge pressure heads.

3. - It can pump small volume of fluid at a desired head.

4. - Constant efficiency for wide change in capacity and heads.

 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

 DISADVANTAGES OF RECIPROCATING PUMPS

1. - Greater floor surface is required.
2. - Higher in initial cost.
3. - Costly design to construct in special alloys.
4. - Rubbing contact, and danger of seizure limit choice of materials.
5. - Pulsating flow.
6. - No generally suitable for dirt or abrasive-laden liquids.
7. - Relatively inflexible operating characteristics.
8. - Most types require protection against over pressure and power overload.
9. - Reciprocating rod difficult to seal against leakage.
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

INDIRECT – ACTING

DIRECT – ACTING
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crank
crank

connecting rod

RECIPROCATING PUMP
outlet

piston
check
valve

cylinder

inlet
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

steam cylinder
PLAN AND SECTIONAL ELEVATION OF
slide valves DUPLEX DOUBLE
ACTING STREAM DRIVEN PUMP

discharge valves

steam cylinder

suction valves

steam cylinder water cylinder

 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

CENTER OUTSIDE PACKED AND OUTSIDE – END

PACKED PLUNGER PUMP

gland packing plunger packing

packing gland
gland

plunger side rod

OUTSIDE CENTER – PACKED PLUNGER OUTSIDE END – PACKED PLUNGER

 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING PUMP

Pi SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM P2

Piston rod
Pe P1
Steam cylinder Water cylinder

where:
Pi = Pressure of steam entering the steam cylinder.
Pe = Pressure of condensate steam leaving the steam cylinder.
P1 = Pressure of suction water in the pump.
P2 = Pressure of discharge water in the pump.
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING PUMP

  STEAM DRIVEN PUMP IS DESIGNATED AS

where:
= Diameter of steam cylinder.
= Diameter of water cylinder.
S = Length of stroke which is common to both cylinder.

MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING PUMP

  PISTON DISPLACEMENT, PD or VD
Single acting - means that only liquid cylinder used for pumping.

Double acting - means that both sides of the cylinder is used for pumping.
Neglecting piston rod effect

Considering piston rod effect.

 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING PUMP

where:
N = Number of pumping stroke per minute.
Dr = Piston rod diameter.
n = Number of cylinder.

For simplex, direct acting pump

Number of liquid cylinder.................................1
Number of steam cylinder................................1
For duplex, direct acting pump
Number of liquid cylinder.................................2
Number of steam cylinder................................2
For triplex, direct acting pump
Number of liquid cylinder.................................3
Number of steam cylinder................................3
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING PUMP

  VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
It refers to the effectiveness of pumping.

where:
= Actual capacity of the pump
= Piston displacement

SLIP
It is the losses between the piston and the cylinder.

S
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STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING PUMP

  THERMAL EFFICIENCY
Fraction that show how much of the heat supplied is converted into useful work.
----- SI Units
----- English Units
where:
= Water power developed in the pump
= Steam flow rate
= Steam enthalpy at exit conditions.
= Steam enthalpy at inlet conditions.
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STEAM DRIVEN RECIPROCATING PUMP

  PUMP DUTY
It is the newton – meter of the work done by the pump per million kilo joule is
applied on the steam side of the pump.

where:
= Water flow in kg/sec
= Total dynamic head, m
= 9.80665 N
 ME 147 – FLUID MACHINERY

PROBLEM No. 1
A 30 cm x l8 cm x 30 cm duplex piston pump with 5 cm diameter piston rod makes 60 single stroke per minute.
The pump delivers 225 gallons per minute. Determine the following:
a. Volumetric efficiency
b. Pump slip

PROBLEM No. 2
Estimate the size of duplex, direct acting plunger type boiler feed pump to be used on a ship as on emergency
feed pump and fire pump. When being used as feed pump its capacity should not be less than 36,364 kg/hr of cold
water with 2.76 MPa developed head. In either case, the MEP is 2.34 MPa. As a fire pump, its capacity should
not be less 90,910 kg/hr but with 1.38 MPa developed head.
Supplemented Data:
Double acting
Mechanical efficiency..............................73%
Volumetric efficiency..............................80%
S ...................................................1.5 DL
N ...................................................50 strokes per min
Neglecting piston diameter.
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PROBLEM No. 3
The liquid cylinder of a simplex pump has the following dimensions: D L = 150 mm, stroke is 304.80 mm and diameter
of piston rod is 44 mm. When the pump is operating with 40 double pumping strokes per minute, its volumetric
efficiency is 92% when handling water. Find the volume of water discharge as measured in liters per second.

PROBLEM No. 4
The total head against which a steam driven pump operates is expressed as 1.10 MPa, the pump developed 84 ihp,
discharges 2.70 m3/min of water, receives steam with 97 % quality at 1.0 MPa, exhaust the steam against a
pressure of 100 kPa and uses 66 kg of steam per ihp-hr. Find the hp developed and thermal efficiency of the unit.