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Practical Research 2: CHAPTER 4. Understanding Data and Ways To Systematically Collect Data

The document discusses planning data analysis using statistics. It explains that after data collection, the researcher organizes and checks the quality of the raw data. The researcher must then develop a data analysis plan specifying the statistical measures needed to address the research questions. This plan helps describe, determine relationships between, predict, and compare variables. The document outlines strategies for exploratory, descriptive, and inferential data analysis and discusses determining the appropriate level of measurement for quantitative analysis.

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Amparo Reyes
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65 views12 pages

Practical Research 2: CHAPTER 4. Understanding Data and Ways To Systematically Collect Data

The document discusses planning data analysis using statistics. It explains that after data collection, the researcher organizes and checks the quality of the raw data. The researcher must then develop a data analysis plan specifying the statistical measures needed to address the research questions. This plan helps describe, determine relationships between, predict, and compare variables. The document outlines strategies for exploratory, descriptive, and inferential data analysis and discusses determining the appropriate level of measurement for quantitative analysis.

Uploaded by

Amparo Reyes
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

CHAPTER 4. Understanding Data and Ways


to Systematically Collect Data

LESSON 5:
Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

September 2018
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

When the necessary data have already


been collected, the next step is to organize
the raw data for data analysis. It is important
that the researcher is assured of the quality
of the data for accuracy, consistency,
completeness, and systematic arrangement
to facilitate coding and tabulation.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

Every research methodology requires a data


analysis plan. The plan includes specifying the
statistical measures to use and to address the
research questions. The appropriate methods of
data analysis are determined by the type of data,
the variables to be used, the number of cases and
the distribution of the variables.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

PURPOSE OF DATA ANALYSIS PLAN


The purpose of a data analysis plan is to gather useful
information to find solutions to research questions of interest. It
may be used to:
1. Describe data sets
2. Determine the degree of relationship of variables
3. Determine differences between variables
4. Predict outcomes, and
5. Compare variables.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

DATA ANALYSIS STRATEGIES


A. Exploratory Data Analysis
This type of data analysis is used when it is not clear
what to expect from the data. This strategy uses
numerical and visual presentations such as graphs. Since
the research of interest is new, it is possible to find some
inconsistencies, such as missing values, distribution of the
data or unusually small or too large values or invalid data.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

DATA ANALYSIS STRATEGIES


B. Descriptive Data Analysis
This type of data analysis is used to describe,
show or summarize data in a meaningful way,
leading to a simple interpretation of data.
Descriptive data analyses do not allow you to
formulate conclusions beyond the data that you
have described. The commonly used descriptive
statistics are those that analyze the distribution of
data such as frequency, percentage, measures of
central tendency, and measures of dispersion.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

DATA ANALYSIS STRATEGIES


C. Inferential Data Analysis
Inferential statistics tests hypotheses about a
set of data to reach conclusions or make
generalizations beyond merely describing the data.
Inferential statistics include tests of significance of
difference such as the t- test, Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA), and tests of relationship such as Product
Moment Coefficient or correlation or Pearson r,
Spearman rho, linear regression and chi-Square
test.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

Quantitative Analysis in Evaluation


Determining the level of measurement of the quantitative data
is important before proceeding with analysis of data. The choice of
statistical measure/s to use is dependent on the level of
measurement of the data. The following are the levels of
measurement scales:
1. Nominal scale
2. Ordinal Scale
3. Interval Scale
4. Ratio Scale
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

Quantitative Analysis in Evaluation


Nominal Scale
A nominal scale of measurement is used for labeling variables. It is
sometimes called categorical data. Basketball players wear sports shirts with
numbers, but that is just a way to identify the players. Likewise, if you want to
categorize respondents based on gender, you could use 1 for male, and 2 for
female. No order or distance is observed. The Yes or No scale is an example of
nominal data. The numbers assigned to the variables have no quantitative value.
Some examples of variables measured on a nominal scale are gender, religious
affiliation, race or ethnic group.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

Quantitative Analysis in Evaluation


Ordinal Scale
An ordinal scale of measurement assigns order on items on the
characteristics being measured. It involves the ranking of
individuals, attitudes and characteristics. The order in the honor roll
(first honor, second honor, third honor); order of agreement
(strongly agree, agree, strongly disagree) or economic status (low,
average, high) are some examples.
Numerical scores such as first, second, third and so on are
assigned but the numerical values or quantity has no value except
its ability to establish ranking among a set of data. You can talk
about ordering, but differences in order between the ranks are not
specified.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

Quantitative Analysis in Evaluation


Interval Scale
The interval scale has equal units of measurement,
thereby, making it possible to interpret the order of the
scale scores and the distance between them. However,
interval scales do not have a “true zero”.
With interval data, addition and subtraction are
possible but you cannot multiply or divide.
Lesson 5. Planning Data Analyses Using Statistics

Quantitative Analysis in Evaluation


Ratio Scale
Ratio scale is considered the highest level of
measurement. It has the characteristics of an interval
scale but it has a zero point. Because of this property, all
statistical operations can be performed on ratio scales. All
descriptive and inferential statistics may be applied. All
variables can be added, subtracted, multiplied and
divided.

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