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Operations On Propositions PPTTT

This document discusses operations on propositions using truth tables. It defines common propositional connectives like conjunction, disjunction, implication, equivalence, and negation. It provides examples of applying truth tables to determine if propositions involving these connectives are true or false.

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Kashly Ricalde
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148 views15 pages

Operations On Propositions PPTTT

This document discusses operations on propositions using truth tables. It defines common propositional connectives like conjunction, disjunction, implication, equivalence, and negation. It provides examples of applying truth tables to determine if propositions involving these connectives are true or false.

Uploaded by

Kashly Ricalde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operations on

Propositions
Truth Table and Operations on
Propositions
 Operations involving two or more
propositions make use of connectives.
 Combining propositions using a connective

will result in the formation of a new


proposition.
 To determine whether this resulting

proposition is true or false, a scheme of


listing all possible truth values will be used.
 This scheme can be done with the help of the

so-called truth table.


5 Common Propositions that are
results of five common connectives:
 Conjunction
 Disjunction
 Implication
 Equivalence
 Negation
Conjunction
 This is a proposition which is the result of
combining two other propositions called
conjuncts with the connective word and.
 Rule: The conjunction of two statements is

true only if both conjuncts are true.


 Conjunction: p ˄ q

p q p˄q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Determine whether each conjunction
is true or false.
 A. 3 is odd and prime.
 B. 5 is a factor and a multiple of 25.
 C. 3 and -3 are roots of x2+6x+9 = 0.
 D. The quadratic function y = x2 is symmetric

with respect to the x-axis, and has a


maximum value.
Disjunction
 This is a proposition which is the result of
combining two other propositions called disjuncts
with the connective word or. Note: that the word or
will be considered with inclusive sense.
 Rule: The disjunction of two statements is false
only if both disjuncts are false.
 Disjunction: p ˅ q
p q p ˅q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Determine whether each disjunction
is true or false.
 A. Tarsiers are nocturnal primates or arboreal
mammals.
 B. Male seahorse is a fish or female seahorse

carries the eggs until their release into the


water.
 C. Platypus is a fish or it lays eggs.
 D. A group of dogs is a herd or a group of

horses is a flock.
Implication
 This proposition, which is also called conditional proposition,
is a proposition which is the result of combining a hypothesis
or antecedent to a conclusion or consequent in the form If
… , then …
 Rule: The implication is true in all cases, except when the
antecedent is true and the consequent is false. In other
words, a true hypothesis cannot imply a false conclusion.
 Implication: p → q

p q p →q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Determine whether each implication
is true or false.
 A. If 2+5=7, then (2)(5)=10.
 B. If 2+5=7, then 2-5=7.
 C. If 2+7=5, then 7-5=2.
 D. If 2+7=5, then 2-5=7.
Equivalence
 This proposition, which is also called biconditional
proposition, is a proposition which is the result of
combining two propositions in the form … if and
only if …
 Rule: The equivalence is true both propositions are
true or both are false.
 Equivalence: p ↔ q
p q p ↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Determine whether each equivalence
is true or false.
 A. A square is a polygon if and only if the
square is a rectangle.
 B. A right triangle is a triangle if and only if

the sum of the lengths of its sides is equal to


the length of the hypotenuse.
 C. The diagonals of a square are parallel if

and only if the square is a quadrilateral.


 D. Parallel segments intersect at a point if

and only if the segments have only one


endpoint.
Negation
 This is a proposition which is the result of
reversing the truth value of a given proposition.
 Rule: If a proposition is true, its negation is false,
and if a proposition is false, its negation is true.
 Negation: ~ p

p ~p
T F
F T
Determine the negation of each proposition
and tell whether each negation is true or false.
 A. Manila is the capital city of the Philippines.
 B. Washington D.C. is not the capital of USA.
 C. 1=2
 D. Bryan is Albee’s best friend.
 E. All policemen are honest.
Determine the truth value of each
proposition.
 A. ~ (p ˄ q)

 B. ~(p → ~ q)
Express each proposition in symbolic
form, and find its truth value.
 A. It is not the case that if it is not sunny, it
will rain.
 B. It is not the case that if the crown prince

died or he will marry a commoner, his


younger sister would inherit the throne.

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