UNIT

OPERATION
EVAPORATION
Dr. Ir. Mariana, M.Si
Chemical Engineering Department
Syiah Kuala University
EVAPORATION
An important instance of this type of heat transfer occurs quite often in the process
industries and is given the general name evaporation. In evaporation the vapor from a
boiling liquid solution is removed and more concentrated solution remains. In the majority
of cases the unit operation evaporation refers to the removal of water from an aqueous
solution.
Typical examples of evaporation are concentration of aqueous solution of sugar, sodium
chloride, sodium hydroxide, glycerol, glue, milk, and orange juice. In the cases the
concenterated solution is the desired product and the evaporated water is normally
discarded. In a few cases, water, which has a small amount minerals, is evaporated to give a
solid-free water which is used as boiler feed, for special chemical procesess, or for oher
purposes. Evaporation processes to evaporate seawater to provide drinking water have been
developed and used, in some cases, the primary purpose of evaporation is to concenterate
the solution so that upon cooling, salt crystals will form and be separated.

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SINGLE EFFECT
EVAPORATION

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A Simplied diagram of a single-stage or single-effect evaporator is given in Fig.8.2-2. The
feed enters at Tf K and saturated steam at Ts enters the heat-exchange section. Condesnsed
steam leaves as condensate or drips. Since the solution in the evaporator is assumed to be
completely mixed, the concenterated product and the solution in the evaporator have the
same composition and temperature T1, since it is in equilibrium with the boiling solution.
The pressure is P1, Which is the vapor pressure of the solution at T1. if the solution to be
evaporated is assumed to be dilute and like water, then 1 kg of steam condensing will
evaporate approximately 1 kg of vapor. This will hold if the feed entering has a temperature
Tf near the boiling point.

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 Heat and Material Balances for Evaporators
The basic equation for solving for the capacity of a single-effect evaporator is:

Which can be written as :

Where ΔT K(°F) is the difference in temperature between the considensing
steam and the boiling liquid in the evaporator.
In order to solve equation the value of q in W(btu/h) must be determined by
making a heat and material balance on teh evaporator shown the fig.8.4-1. the
feed to the evaporator is F kg/h(lbm/h) having a solids content of X f mass
fraction, Temperature Tf, and enthalphyvhf J/kg(btu/lbm). Coming out as a
liquid is the concenterated liquid L kg/h (lbm/h) having a solid content of XL,
Temperature T1, and the enthalphy hL.
The vapor V kg/h(lbm/h) is given off as pure solvent having a solids, content
of yV = 0 , Temperature T1, and Enthalphy HV. Saturated steam entering is S
kg/h (lbm/h) and has a temperature of Ts and enthalphy of Hs.
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This means that the steam gives off only its talent heat, which is, where :

For the material balance since we are at steady state, the rate of mass in rate of mass out. Then,
for a total balance : Hv
F
For a balance on the solute(solids) alone, hf
xf V

For a the heat balance :

Subtituting : hs
xs
hL
The heat q transferred in the evaporator is then, Hs
L
S

The latent heat  of a steam at the saturation temperature Ts can be obtained from the steam
table in appendix A.2. However, the enthalpies of the feed and products are often not available.
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Example.1
A continuous single effect evaporator concenterates 9.072 kg/h of a 1.0 wt% salt solution
entering at 311.0 K(37.8°C) to a final concentration of 1.5 wt%. The vapor space of the
evaporator is at 101.325 Kpa (1.0 atm abs) and the steam supplied is saturated at 143.3 Kpa.
The overall coefficient U=1704 W/m².K.. Calculate the amounts of vapor and liquid product
and the heat-transfer area required. Assume that, since it is dilute, the solution has the same
boiling points as water. Hv
Solution : T = 311 K
F = 9072
For the material balance, substituting into : hf V
Xf = 1%

Subtituting into : hs

xs
Hs hL

S xL=1,5% L

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The heat capacity of the feed is assumed to be Cpf = 4.14 Kj/Kg.K. Assumed to be that of
water at 101.32 Kpa, T1 = 373.2K (100°C) , as a datum temperature. Then Hv is simply the
talent heat of water at 373.2 K, which from the table appendix A.2 is 2257 kJ/kg (970.3
btu/lbm). The latent heat  of the steam at 143.3 Kpa (saturation temperature Ts = 383.2 K
(230°F) is 2230 kJ/kg (958.8 btu/lbm)
The enthalpy of the feed can be calculated from :

With hL = 0, since it is at the datum of 373.2 K

The heat q transferred through the heating surface area A is, from the equation :

Solving, A = 149.3 m²
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 Effect of Processing Variables on Evaporator Operation
1.  Effect of feed temperature
The inlet temperature of the feed has large effect on the operation of the evaporator.
In the before example the feed entering was at a cold temperature of 3110.K compared to the
boiling temperature of 373.3 K. About of the steam used for heating was used to heat the cold
feed to the boiling point. Hence, only about of the steam was left for vaporization of the feed.
If the feed is under pressure and the enters the evaporator at a temperature above the boiling
point in the evaporator, additional vaporization is obtained by the flashing of part of the
entering hot feed. Preheating th e feed can reduce the size of the evaporato heat-transfer area
needed.

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2. Effect of pressure.
In the before example , the pressure of 101.32 kPa abs was used in the vapor space of the
evaporator. This set in the boiling point of the solution at 373.2 K and gave a ΔT for use in the
equation of 383.2-373.2 or 10K. In many cases a larget ΔT is desirable, since, as the ΔT
increses, the heating surface area A and cost of evaporator decrease. To reduce the pressure
below 101.32 kPa. To be under vacuum, a condensor and vacum pump can be used. For
example, if the pressure were reduced to 41.4 kPa, the boiling point of water would be 349.9K
and the new ΔT would be 383.2 – 349.9 or 33.3 K. A large decrease in heating-surface area
would be obtained.

3. Effect of steam pressure

Using higher presure , saturated steam increases the ΔT, which decreases the size and cost
if the evaporator. However, High-presure steam is more costly and allso is often more valuable
as a source of power elsewhere. Hence, overall economic balance are really needed to
determine the optimum steam pressures

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 Boilling-Point Rise of Solutions

In the majority of cases in evaporation the solution are not such dilute solutions as those
considered. In the most cases, the thermal properties of the solution being evaporated may
differ considerably from those of water. The concentrations of the solution are high enough
so that the heat capacity and boiling point are quite different from that of water.
For strong solutions of dissolved solutes the boiling point rise due to the solutes in the
solution usually cannot be predicted. However, a useful empirical law known as duhrings
rule can be used. In this rule a straight line is obtained if the boiling point of a solution in
°C or °F is plotted against the boiling point of pure water at the same pressure for given
concentration at different pressures. A different straight line is obtained for each given
concentration.

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Example.2
As an example of use of the chart, the pressure in an evaporator is given as 25.6 kPa (3.72
psia) and a solution of 30% NaOH is being boiled. Determine the boiling temperature of
NaOH solution and the boiling point rise BPR of the solution over that of water at the same
pressure.
Solution :
From the tables in Appendix A.2, the boiling point of water at 25.6 kPa is 65.6 °C from
fig.8.4-2 for 65.6C (150°F) and 30% NaOH, the boiling point if the NaOH solution is 79.5
°C (175F). The boiling point rise is 79.5 – 65.6 = 13.9 °C(25 °F)
In addition to the common salts and solutes, such as NaNO3, NaOH, NaCl, and H2SO4, the
biological solutes sucrose, critic acid, kraft solution, glycerol are given. These biological
solutes have quite small boiling point rise values compared to those of common salts.

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 Enthalphy-Concentration Charts of Solutions
If the heat of solution of the aqueous solution being concentrated in the evaporator is large,
neglecting it could cause errors in the heat balances. This heat-of solution phenomenon can
be explained as follows. If pellets of NaOH are dissolved in a given amount of water, it is
found that a considerable temperature rise occurs, heat is envolved, called heat of solution.
The amount of heat envolved depends on the type of substance and on the amount of water
used. Also, if a strong solution of NaOH is diluted to a lower concentration, heat is
liberated. Conversely, if a solution is a concentrated from a alow to a high concentration,
heat must added.

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Example.3
As evaporator is used to concentrate 4536 kg/h (10.000 lbm/h) of a 20% solution of NaOH
in water entering at 60°C (140°F) to a product of 50% solids. The pressure of the saturated
steam used is 172.4 kPa (25 Psia) and the pressure in the vapor space of the evaporator is
11.7 kPa(1.7 psia). The overall heat-transfer coefficient is 1560 W/m2.K (275 btu/h.ft². °F).
Calculate the steam used, the steam economy in kg vaporized/kg steam used, and the
heating surface area in m²
Solution :
The process flow diagram and nomenclature are the same as given in Fig 8.4-1. The given
variables are F= 4536 kg/h, Xp = 0.20 wt fraction, Tf = 60°C, P1=11.7 kPa, Steam
pressure=172.4 kPa, and xL = 0.50 wt fraction. For the overall material balance,
substituting into equation

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Fig. 8.4-3 Enthalphy-concentration charts for the system NaOh-water
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 F Hv
hf
xf V

hs
xs
Hs hL
S L

To determine the boiling point T1 of the 50% concentrated solution, we first obtain the
boiling point of pure Water at 11.7 kPa from the steam tables, Appendix A.2, as
48.9°C(120°F) from the duhring chart, fig. 8.4-2, for a boiling point of water of 48.9°C and
50% NaOH. The boiling point of the solution is T1 = 89.5°C(193°F) Hence,

From the enthalphy-concentration chart fig. 8.4-3, for 20% NaOH at 60°C (140°F), hf=214
kJ/kg (92 btu/lbm).. For 50% NaOH at 89.5°C (193F), hl=505 kJ/kg(217 btu/lbm)
For superheated vapor at 89.5C (193F) and 11.7 kPa (superheated 40.6°C(73°F) since the
boiling point of water is 48.9°C(120°F) at alternative method to use to calculate the Hv is to
first obtain the enthalpy of saturated vapor at 48.9°C (120°F) and 11.7 kPa of 2590 kJ/kg
(1113.5 btu/lbm). Then using a heat capacity of 1.884 kJ/kg.K for superheated steam with the
superheat of(89.5-48.9) °C = (89.5-48.9) K 19
For saturated steam at 172.4 kPa, the saturation temperature from the steam table isi 115.6°C
(240°F) and the latent heat is  = 2214 kJ/kg (952 btu/lbm)

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MULTIPLE EFFECT
EVAPORATION
A three effect evaporator, in this system each effect in itself acts as a single effect
evaporator. In the first effect raw steam is used as the heating medium to the first effect,
which is boiling at temperature T1 and pressure P1. The vapor removed from the first
effect, which is boiling at temperature T1 condensing in the second effect and vaporizing
water at temperature T2 and pressure P2 in the effect. To transfer heat from the condensing
vapor to the boiling liquid in this second effect, the boiling temperature T2 must be less
than the condensing temperature. This means that the pressure P2 in the second effect is
lower than P1 in the first effect. In a similar manner, vapor from the second effect is
condensed in heating the third effect. Hence, pressure P3, Is less than P2. if the first effect is
operating at 1 atm abs pressure, the second and third effects will be under vacuum.

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 PEMISAHAN AWAL PEMISAHAN AKHIR
- Distilasi - Distilasi
Bahan - Ekstraksi - Ekstraksi
REAKTOR Produk
Baku - Evaporasi - Evaporasi
- Absorbi - Absorbi
- dll - dll

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 In the first effect, raw dilute feed is added and it is partly concentrated. Then this
partly concentrated liquid flows to the second evaporator in series, where it is further
concentrated. This liquid from the second effect flows to the third effect for final
concentration.
When a multiple effect evaporator is at steady-state operation, the flow rates and rate
of evaporation in each effect are constant. The pressures, temperatures, and internal flow
rate are automatically kept constant by steady state operation of the process itself. To
change the concentration in the final effecr, the feed rate to the first effect must be changed.
The overall material balance made over the whole system and over each evaporator itself
must be satisfied. If the final solution is too concentrated, the feed rate is increased, and
vice versa. Then the final solution will reach a new steady state at the desired
concentration.

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 Temperature Drops and Capacity of Multiple-Effect
Evaporators
1. Temperature drops in multiple-effect evaporators.
The amount of heat transferred perfour in the first effect of a triple-effect evaporator with
forward feed.

This vapor then condenses in the second effect, giving up approximately the same amount
of the heat.

  T1 = [T T+ T ]
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2. Capacity of multiple-effect evaporators.
Arough estimate of the capacity of a three-effect evaporator compared to a single effect can
be obtained by adding the value of q for each evaporator.

If a single-effect evaporator is used with the same area A, the same value of U, and the
same total temperature drop ΔT, then

This, of course, gives the same capacity as for the multiple-effect evaporators.

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Step by step Calculation Methods for
Triple-Effect Evaporators

1. From the known outlet concentration and pressure in the last effect, determine the
boiling point in the last effect. (if a boiling-point rise is present, this can be determined
from a duhring line plot
2. Determine the total amount of vapor evaporated by an overall material balance. For this
first trial apportion this total amount of vapor among the three effects. Make a total
material balance on effects 1,2, and 3 to obtain L1, L2, and L3. Then calculate the solids
concnetrtion in each effect by a solids balance on each effect.
3. Estimate the temperature drops ΔT1, ΔT2, and ΔT3 in the three effects. Any effect that
has an extra heating load, such as a cold feed, requires a proportionately larger ΔT. Then
calculate the boiling point in each effect.

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4. Using heat and material balances in each effect, calculate the amount vaporized and the
flows of liquid in each effect. If the amounts vaporized differ appreciably from those
assumed in step 2, then step 2,3, and 4 can be repeated using the amounts of evaporation
just calculated
5. Calculate the value of q transferred in each effect. Using the rate equation q = UAΔT for
each effect, calculate the areas A1, A2, and A3

6. To start trial 2, use the new value of L1, L2, L3, V1, V2, and V3 calculated by the heat
balances in step 4 and calculate the new solids concentrations in each effect by a solids
balance on each effect
7. Obtain new value of ΔT1, ΔT2, and ΔT3

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The sum ΔT’1, ΔT’2, and ΔT’3 must equal the original. If not, proportionately readjust all
ΔT’ values so that this is so. Then calculating the boiling point in each effect.
8. Using the new ΔT’ values from step 7, repeat the calculations starting with step 4. two
trials are usually sufficient so that the areas are reasonably close to being equal.

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Example.4
A triple-effect forward-feed evaporator is being used to evaporate a sugar solution
containing 10 wt% solids to a concenterated solution of 50%. The boiling-point rise of the
solutions (independent of pressure) can be estimated from BPR°C = 1.78x +6.22x² (BPR°F
= 3.2x +11.2x²), where x is wt fraction of sugar in solution (K1). Saturated steam at 205.5
kPa (29.8 psia) (121.1°C(250°F) saturation temperature) is being used. The pressure in the
vapor space of the third effect is 13.4 kPa(1.94 psia). The feed rate is 22 680 kg/h (50000
lbm/h) at 26.7°C(80°F). The heat capacity if the liquid solutions is (K1) cp =4.19-2.35x
kJ/kg.K (1.0-0.56x btu/lbm. °F). The heat of solution is considered to be negligible. The
coefficients of heat transfer have been estimated as U1 =3123, U2 =1987, and U3=1136
W/m².K or 550,350, and 200 btu/h.ft². °F. if each effect has the same surface area, calculate
the area the steam rate used, and the steam economy

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Solution :
Step 1
For 13.4 kPa (1.94 psia), the saturation temperature is 51.67°C (125°F) from the steam
tables. Using the equation for BPR for evaporator number 3 with x=0.5

Step 2

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Step 3:
The BPR in each effect is calculate as follows

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To calculate the actual boiling point of the solution in each effect

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Step 4:
The heat capacity of the liquid in each effect is calculated from the equation cp=4.19-23.5x

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Flow relations to be used in heat balance are :

Write a heat balance om each effect. Use 0°C as a datum since the values of H of the
vapors are relative to 0°C (32°F) and note that (Tf – 0)°C = (Tc – 0)K and (T1-0)K

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Step 5:
Solving for the values of q in each effect and area

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The average area Am = 104.4 m²
Step 6:
Making a new solids balance on effects 1,2, and 3 using the new L1=17078, L2=11068, and
L3= 4536 and solving for x

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Step 7:
The new BPR in each effect is then

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These ΔT’ values are readjusted that ΔT’1 = 16.77, ΔT’2 =16.87, ΔT’3 = 32.36 and

Step 8 :
Following step 4, the heat capacity of the liquid is Cp=4.19-2.35x

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These values from trial 2 differ very little from the trial 1 results. Following step 5 and
solving for q in each effect and A

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The Average area Am = 105.0 m² to use in each effect. Note that this value of 105.0 m² is
quite close to average value of 104.4m² from the first trial

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