CHAPTER 2:

STOICHIOMETRY

By:
DR. NAZRIZAWATI AHMAD
TAJUDDIN
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completing the course, students will be able to:
1. Name and write formula of simple inorganic compounds
2. Name and write formula of binary covalent compounds
3. Name and write formula of simple acids, bases and hydrates
4. Determine empirical and molecular formula of unknown
compounds
5. Solve stoichiometric problems involving limiting reactants.
• A simplest pure substance consists
entirely of one type of atom only
• Atoms are composed of subatomic
particles, of which electrons, protons
and neutrons
• Cannot be broken down into any ELEMENT
simpler substances by physical or
chemical means

A structure consists two or more

atoms that are chemically bound
together and thus behaves as an
independent unit
MOLECULE
• A substance composed of two
or more different elements
that are chemically bound
together

COMPOUND

• A group of two or more

substances (elements and/or
compounds) that are physically
intermingled
MIXTURE
 SAMPLE PROBLEM

MIXTURE ELEMENT COMPOUND

 Naming of Elements
• Elements are named by using symbols of 1, 2 or 3
letters. Each element symbol start with a capital
letter.
• H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), K (potassium) are elements
with symbols containing one letter.
• Ca (Calcium), Mg (Magnesium), Cl (Chlorine) are
elements with symbols containing two letters.
• Uub, Uut, Uuq and Uup are elements with symbols
containing three letters.
 Naming of compounds
• Earlier years, no system for naming
compounds. Common names such as sugar,
lead, quicklime, milk of magnesia and laughing
gas.
• Now, nearly 5 million compounds are
currently known. Memorizing common names
for these compounds would be an impossible
task.
There are:-

1. Ionic compounds
• Binary ionic
compound Type I
• Binary ionic
compound Type II

2. Polyatomic ionic
compounds

3. Covalent compounds

4. Acids & bases

Ionic Compound Type I
 Composed of metals and non-metals:-
Metals Non-metals
• Metals will donate electrons • Non-metals accept electrons
• Form positive ions (cations) • Form negative ions (anions)

• Name cation first, then anion.

• Monatomic (meaning one atom) cation takes its name from the
name of the element. Many metal names end in –ium
• Na+ is called sodium
• Mg2+ is called magnesium
• Al3+ is called aluminium
The name of anion takes the root of the nonmetal name and adds
the suffix –ide. Br is called bromide, O2 is called oxide.
Compounds formed from monoatomic ions
• Formula unit – gives the relative numbers of
cations and anions

• The compounds has ‘zero’ net charge – the

positive charges of cations must balance the
negative charge of anions

Ca 2+ Br 1- gives CaBr2
Example

Compounds Ions present Name

+ -
KCl K , Cl potassium chloride
2+ 2-
Li2O Li , O lithium oxide
2+ -
MgBr2 Mg , Br magnesium bromide
3+ -
AlF3 Al ,F aluminium flouride
CaS Ca2+, S2- calcium sulfide
Common monatomic cations and anions
Table 2.0 Common monatomic cations and anions
Cation Name Anion Name
H+ hydrogen H hydride
Li+ lithium F fluoride
Na+ sodium Cl chloride
K+ potassium Br bromide
Cs+ cesium I iodide
Mg2+ magnesium O2 oxide
Ca2+ calcium N3 nitride
Be2+ beryllium P3 phosphide
Ba2+ barium S2 sulfide
Al3+ aluminium
Ag+ silver
Zn2+ zinc
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Name the ionic compound formed from the
following pairs of elements:
(a) magnesium and nitrogen (b) iodine and cadmium
(c) strontium and fluorine (d) sulfur and cesium

SOLUTION: (a) magnesium nitride

(b) cadmium iodide

(c) strontium fluoride
(d) cesium sulfide
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
Metals form more than one type of positive ions (cation)
Rules for naming
• Name cation first, then anion.
• Monatomic (meaning one atom) cation takes its name
from the name of the element
• Pb2+ is called lead
• Sn2+ is called tin
• Determine the cation charge. Include in the cation name,
a Roman numeral indicating the charge.
• MUST SHOW the oxidation number (charge) in
parenthesis
• The suffix –ous for ion with lower charge
• The suffix –ic for the ion with the higher charge
 Some Metals That Form More Than One Monatomic Ion

Element Ion Formula Systematic Name Common Name

Cobalt Co+2 cobalt(II)
Co+3 cobalt (III)
Copper Cu+1 copper(I) cuprous
Cu+2 copper(II) cupric
Fe+2 iron(II) ferrous
Iron Fe+3 iron(III) ferric
Pb+2 lead(II)
Lead Pb+4 lead(IV)
Sn+2 tin(II) stannous
Tin
Sn+4 tin(IV) stannic
Binary Ionic Compounds (Type II)
The monatomic anion is named by taking the root of
the element name and adding – ide. Thus Cl- is called
chloride, S2- is called sulfide.

Table 2.2 Examples of Type II Binary Ionic compounds

Compound Name
MnS2 manganese (II) sulfide
CrCl3 chromium (III) chloride
Fe2O3 iron (III) oxide
PbCl2 lead (II) chloride
CoBr2 cobalt(II) bromide
HgO mercury (II) oxide
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Give the systematic names for the formulas or the
formulas for the names of the following
compounds:
(a)tin(II) fluoride SnF2
(b)CrI3
Chromium (III) iodide
(c)ferric oxide
Fe2O3
(d)CoS
Cobalt (II) sulfide
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds

Polyatomic ions –
• ions containing more than one atom.
• are assigned special names that must be
memorized in order to name the compounds
containing them
Common Polyatomic Ions (Anions and Cations)
Table 2.3 Common polyatomic ions
Ions Name Ions Name
Hg22+ mercury (I) NCS Thiocyanate
NH4+ ammonium CO32 carbonate
NO2 nitrite HCO3 hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)
NO3 nitrate ClO hypochlorite
SO32 sulfite ClO2 Chlorite
SO42 sulfate ClO3 Chlorate
HSO4 hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) ClO4 Perchlorate
OH hydroxide C2H3O2 Acetate
CN cyanide MnO4 Permanganate
PO43 phosphate Cr2O72 Dichromate
HPO42 hydrogen phosphate CrO42- Chromate
H2PO4 dihydrogen phosphate O22 Peroxide
SeO42 selenate C2O42 oxalate
Polyatomic Ionic Compounds
Compounds formed from Polyatomic Ions
• Polyatomic ion stays together as a charged unit

• Example:-
– one K+ balances one NO3- KNO3
– two Na+ balance one CO32- Na2CO3
– One Ca2+ balance two NO3- Ca(NO3)2
Families of Oxoanions
• Several series of anions ION NAME
which contain an atom of a
given element and different NO2- nitrite
number of oxygen atoms.
These atoms are called NO3- nitrate
oxyanions.
SO32- sulfite
• With two oxoanions in the SO42- sulfate
family:-
– Ion with more O atoms – S2O32- thiosulfate
suffix –ate
– Ion with fewer O atoms –
suffix –ite
• With four oxoanions in the family (usually a halogen
bonded to O):-
– Ion with most O – Has prefix per- and suffix –ate
– Ion with one fewer O – has suffix –ate
– Ion with two fewer O – has suffix –ite
– Ion with least O – prefix hypo- and suffix –ite

ClO4- Perchlorate
ClO3- Chlorate
ClO2- Chlorite
ClO- Hypochlorite
 HYDRATED IONIC COMPOUNDS
• A compound that contains water Number Prefix
molecules weakly bound in its 1 Mono-
crystals 2 Di-
3 Tri-
• Hydrates have a specific number 4 Tetra-
of water molecules 5 Penta-
6 Hexa-
• No of water molecules is shown 7 Hepta-
after a ‘dot’ and is named by a 8 Octa-
Greek numerical prefix before
9 Nona-
the word hydrate
10 Deca-
Naming hydrates
Hydrates are named from the anhydrous compound,
followed by the word hydrate with a prefix to
indicate the number of water molecules per formula
unit of the compound.
BaCl2•2H2O barium chloride dihydrate
LiCl•H2O lithium chloride monohydrate
MgSO4•7H2O magnesium sulfate heptahydrate
Sr(NO3)2 •4H2O strontium nitrate tetrahydrate

CuSO4
CuSO4•5H2O
Some ionic compounds with polyatomic anions
Table 2.4 Examples of ionic compounds with polyatomic anions
Compound Name
K2SO4 potassium sulfate
Fe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate
MgSO3 magnesium sulfite
LiBrO3 lithium bromate
CsClO4 cesium perchlorate
NaOCl sodium hypochlorite
K2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate
 Covalent Compounds
• Binary Covalent Compounds are formed between
two nonmetals.
Rules for naming Covalent Compounds
1. The first element in the formula is named first, using
the full element name
2. The second element is named as if it were an anion-
named with suffix –ide
3. Prefixes are used to denote the number of atoms
4. The prefix mono is never used for naming the first
element
Prefixes used for Covalent Compounds
 Binary Covalent Compounds
• Note: To avoid awkward pronunciation, we often
drop the final o or a of the prefix when the element
begins with a vowel.
COMPOUND NAME
P4O10 tetraphosphorus decoxide
N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide

• Important: Some compounds are always referred to

by their common names.
• The two best examples are water and ammonia.
The systematic names for theses compounds are
hardly used.
 PRACTICE QUESTIONS
• Write the chemical formula for the substances given
below.
1. Sodium thiosulfate 2. Copper (II) sulfate
3. Iron (II) chloride 4. Iron (III) chloride
5. Calcium carbonate 6. Zinc oxide
7. Zinc oxide 8. Lead (II) sulfate
9. Lead (IV) chloride 10. Hydrochloric acid
11. Carbon tetrachloride 12. Barium hydrogen carbonate
13.Hydrogen peroxide 14. Iron(II) sulphate heptahydrate
15. Lead (II) acetate 16. Ammonium dichromate
 ANSWER
1. Na2S2O3 2. CuSO4
3. FeCl2 4. FeCl3
5. CaCO3 6. Zn(NO3)2
7. ZnO 8. PbSO4
9. PbCl4 10. HCl
11. CCl4 12. Ba(HCO3)2
13.H2O2 14. FeSO4•7H2O
15. Pb(CH3COO)2 16. (NH4)2Cr2O7
 Acids and Bases
Naming Acids
• An acid is a substance that yields hydrogen
ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Formulas
for acids contain one or more hydrogen atoms
as well as an anionic group.
• Rules for naming acids depend on whether the
anion contains oxygen.
i) If the anion of the acid does not contain oxygen, the
acid is named with prefix hydro- and the suffix –ic.
 ii) When the anion contains oxygen, the acidic name is
formed from the root name of the anion with a suffix
of –ic or –ous, depending on the name of the anion.

(a) If the anion has an –ite ending, the -ite is replaced by –

ous
b) If the anion name ends in –ate, the suffix –ic is
added to the root name
Conclusions
 Bases
• A substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH-)
when dissolved in water
• A base is composed of a metal and an OH- ion,
except for ammonia (NH3)
• Guideline for naming bases

– name the metal and add with hydroxide

– oxidation number with value more than one should

write in parenthesis after metal name
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completing the course, students will be able to:
1. Name and write formula of simple inorganic compounds
2. Name and write formula of binary covalent compounds
3. Name and write formula of simple acids, bases and hydrates
4. Determine empirical and molecular formula of unknown
compounds
5. Solve stoichiometric problems involving limiting reactants.
 Atom
1. Smallest unit in an element that can take part in a reaction
2. It can combine with itself or with other atoms to form
molecules
3. have subatomic particles which are protons, neutrons and
electrons
Subatomic particles
Subatomic Location Symbol Charge Actual mass Relative
particle (kg) mass
proton Nucleus p +1 1.67 x 10-27 1
neutron Nucleus n 0 1.67 x 10-27 1
electron Outside e -1 9.11 x 10-31 0
nucleus
 Subatomic particles
• Mass of neutron is almost same as the mass of a
proton.
• A proton which have a positive charge is equal in
magnitude to an electron’s negative charge.
• In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the
number of electrons so an atom is neutral.
• In an atom, the size of the nucleus is very small
compared to the atom, however, most of the mass of
the atom is in the nucleus.
 Atomic symbol
mass number A
Atomic number Z X

X = Atomic symbol of the element

Z = atomic number (the number of
protons in the nucleus) = no
of electron
A = mass number; A = Z + N
N = number of neutrons in the nucleus
 Isotopes
• atoms with same atomic number but different mass
number.

• atoms with the same number of protons but different

number of neutrons.
• have similar chemical properties but may have different
physical properties.
Hydrogen has three isotopes with special names:
protium, deuterium and tritium.
 Mass of an atom
• The mass of an atom depends on the number of
electrons, protons and neutrons
• We cannot weigh a single atom directly but we can
determine mass of one atom relative to another
atom experimentally
• First, we need to assign a value to the mass of one
atom of a given element so that it can be used as a
standard
 Atomic mass
• Mass of an atom is usually expressed in atomic mass
units (a.m.u)
• The modern system of atomic masses, instituted in
1961 is based on 12C (C-12) as a standard
• 1 atomic mass unit (a.m.u) is defined as a mass exactly
equal to 1/12 the mass of a C-12 atom
• C-12 atom = 12.00 amu
• C-12 is the carbon isotope with 6p and 6n, and 1 C-12
atom has been set at 12.00 amu to provide the
standard for measuring the atomic mass of the other
elements.
• Experiments have shown (using mass spectrometer) that a hydrogen
atom is only 8.400% as massive as C-12 atom. Therefore the relative
atomic mass of a hydrogen atom is :
8.400 % x 12.00 a.m.u = 1.008 amu
100%
e.g

When 12C and 13C are analysed in a mass spectrometer, the ratio of their
masses is found to be

mass 13C = 1.0836129

mass 12C
Determine relative atomic mass of 13C

Solution:

Mass of 13C = 1.0836129 x 12.00 a.m.u = 13.003355 = 13.00 amu

 Average Atomic Mass

• If you look up the atomic mass of carbon in a

periodic table, its value is not 12.00 amu but
12.01 amu
• The reason for the difference is because most
naturally occurring elements have more than
one isotope
 Average atomic mass
• Carbon has 3 isotopes
C-12 C-13 C-14
98.89 % 1.11% negligible
(12.00 amu) (13.00 amu)
Average atomic mass = (98.89% of 12.00 amu) + (1.11% of 13.00 amu)
= 12.01 a.mu.
• Everytime we say atomic mass, we mean average and relative atomic
mass.
• Even though natural carbon does not contain a single atom with mass
12.01 amu, for stoichiometric purposes, we can consider carbon to
be composed of only one type of atom with a mass of 12.01 amu.
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Silver’s(Ag: Z = 47) naturally occurring isotopes,
107Ag and 109Ag, give this mass spectrometric data,

calculate the atomic mass of Ag:

Isotope Mass(amu) Abundance(%
107
Ag 106.90509 ) 51.84
109
Ag 108.90476 48.16
Solution:
Atomic mass= (106.90509 amu)(0.5184) +
(108.90476 amu)(0.4816)
= 107.87 amu
 Molar mass

• is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance.

* Molar mass of C atoms (grams) is numerically equal
to atomic mass of C (amu)
Atomic mass of C =12.01 amu
Molar mass of C = 12.01 g

Atomic mass of Na = 12.99 amu

Molar mass of Na = 12.99 g
 Molecular Mass

• sum of the atomic masses of elements (in amu) in a

molecule
E.g. Molecular mass of CH4
1( atomic mass of C) + 4(atomic mass Of H)
1(12.01) + 4(1.008) = 16.04 amu
• Molar mass of a compound is numerically equal to
the molecular mass of its molecule
• So molar mass of CH4 is 16.04 g
• For ionic compounds, the term formula mass is
used

• The number of atoms of each element inside the

parentheses is multiplied by subscript outside the
parentheses

• Find formula mass of Ba(NO3)2:

= _________________________
Percent Composition of Compounds

A practical use is to determine the

amount of an element in any size sample
of compound

Mass % of element X =

moles of X in formula x molar mass of X (g/mol)

x 100
mass (g) of 1 mol of compound
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
In mammals, lactose is metabolized to glucose
(C6H12O6), the key nutrient for generating
chemical potential energy
a) What is the mass percent of each element in
glucose?
b) How many grams of carbon are in 16.55 g of
glucose?
a) Mass of 1 mol of glucose, C6H12O6
M = (6 x 12.01 g/mol C) + (12 x 1.008 g/mol H) +
(6 x 16.00 g/mol O)

= 180.16 g C6H12O6

Mass percent of C, H and O

Mass % C = 6 mol C x 12.01 g/mol C x 100% = 40.00 mass% C

180.16 g C6H12O6

Mass % H = 12 mol H x 1.008 g/mol H x 100% = 6.714 mass % H

180.16 g C6H12O6

Mass % O = 6 mol O x 16.00 g/mol O x 100% = 53.29 mass% O

b) How many grams of carbon are in 16.55 g of
glucose?

b) Mass Of Carbon

Mass of C = Mass of glucose x Mass fraction of C

= 16.55 g glucose x 0.4000 g C

1 g glucose

= 6.62 g C
 Mole
• Mole (mol) – is the amount of a substance that contains as many entities
(atoms, molecules, ions) as there are atoms in 12 g of C-12 atoms.

• 12 g C -12 (1 mole) – contains 6.02 x 1023 C-12 atoms.

• 1 mole of Na atoms – contains 6.02 x 1023 Na atoms
• 1 mole of H2O molecules - contains 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
• 1 mole of cars - contains 6.02 x 1023 cars
• 1 mole of C-12 atoms – has a mass of 12.00 g contains 6.02 x 1023
C-12 atoms
 Converting moles of elements
• To convert between mol
and mass, use molar mass

• To convert between mol

and no of entities, use
Avogadro’s no.

• To find the no. of

molecules in a given mass,
or vice versa, convert to
moles first
Converting moles of compounds
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Tetraphosphorus decaoxide (P4O10) reacts with
water to form phosphoric acid.
a) What is the mass of 4.65x1022 molecules of
tetraphosphorus decaoxide? (Molar mass
P=30.974 g/mol, O= 16.999g/mol)
b) How many P atoms are present in this sample?
a) Mole of P4O10

= 4.65 x1022 molecule P4O10 x 1 mol P4O10

6.022 x 1023 molecules

= 0.0772 mole P4O10

Mass of P4O10

= 0.0772 mole P4O10 x 283.88 g P4O10

1 mol P4O10
a) Mole of P4O10

= 4.65 x1022 molecule P4O10 x 1 mol P4O10

6.022 x 1023 molecules

= 0.0772 mole P4O10

How to
calculate
this??

Mass of P4O10

= 0.0772 mole P4O10 x 283.88 g P4O10

1 mol P4O10
b) How many P atoms are present in this sample?

b) No of P atoms

= 4.65 x 1022 molecule P4O10 X 4 atoms P

1 molecule P4O10

= 1.86 x 1023 P atoms

Chemical formula
 Molecular formula
• In order to find the molecular formula of a substance,
two pieces of information are needed:
– the percentage composition, from which the empirical
formula can be obtained
– the molecular weight or mass

• The molecular weight or mass allows us to chose the

correct multiple of the empirical formula for the
molecular formula.
Decimal Fraction
0.20 1/2
0.25 ¼
0.33 1/3
0.40 2/5
0.5 ½
0.60 3/5
0.66 2/3
0.75 ¾
0.8 4/5
How to calculate this?
 EXERCISE
During excessive physical activity, lactic acid (M
= 90.08 g/mol) forms in muscle tissue and is
responsible for muscle soreness. Elemental
analysis shows that this compound contains 40.0
mass % C, 6.71 mass % H, and 53.3 mass % O.

Determine the empirical formula of lactic acid

and the molecular formula
Determine the empirical and molecular
formulas for a compound that gives the
following analysis (in mass percents)
71.65% Cl, 24.27% C, 4.08% H
The molar mass is 98.96 g/mol
 Cl H C
71.65 4.08 24.27

71.65/35.5 4.08/1 24.27/12

= 2.02 = 4.08 = 2.02

2.02/2.02 4.08/2.02 2.02/2.02

=1 =2 =1
 CH2Cl

98.96
49.5
2

(CH2Cl)n

(CH2Cl)2
C2H4Cl2
 Combustion analysis
Combustion Train for the Determination of the Chemical Composition of
Organic Compounds

• The unknown compound is burned in pure O2

• All the H in the unknown is converted to H2O which is absorbed in first
chamber and all the C is converted to CO2 which is absorbed in second
chamber
• By weighing absorbers before and after combustion, we find the masses of
CO2 and H2O to calculate mass of C and H
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
A dry cleaning solvent (M = 146.99 g/mol) contains C, H
and Cl. When a 0.250 g sample was studied by
combustion analysis, 0.451 g of CO2 and 0.0617 g H2O
formed. Find the molecular formula
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Upon completing the course, students will be able to:
1. Name and write formula of simple inorganic compounds
2. Name and write formula of binary covalent compounds
3. Name and write formula of simple acids, bases and hydrates
4. Determine empirical and molecular formula of unknown
compounds
5. Solve stoichiometric problems involving limiting reactants.
 Chemical Reactions and Chemical
Equations
Chemical reactions
– a process in which a substance (or substances)
is changed into one or more new substances.
– involves a reorganization of atoms in one or
more substances
• Standard way to represent chemical reactions
is by using chemical equations.
Consider the reaction of sodium metal and chlorine
gas:

Reactants Product

2 Na (s) + Cl2 (g) 2 NaCl (s)

Coefficients Subscripts Coefficients

+ : Reacts with
→ : Yields or produces
(s), (g) : Phase labels which indicates
physical states
For a chemical equation to be balanced, it
must have the same number of each type of
atoms on both sides of the arrow

CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

1C 1C
4H = 4H
4O 4O
Intrepretation of a balanced equation
CH4(g) + 2O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Microscopic level 1 molecule 2 molecules 1 molecule 2 molecules

Macroscopic level 1 mole 2 moles 1 mole 2 moles

2(6.02 x 10 ) 2(6.02 x 10 )
23 23 23 23
6.02 x 10 6.02 x 10
molecules molecules molecules molecules

16.04 g 64.00 g 44.01 g 36.03 g

80.04 g reactants 80.04 g products

 Steps for balancing chemical equations

Write the unbalanced equation

Determine what coefficients are

necessary
Start with the most complex
substance

End with the least complex substance

Specifying states of matter

EXERCISE
Calculating amounts of reactant and product

• In a balanced equation, the no. of moles of

one substance is stoichiometrically equivalent
to the no. of moles of any substance

• The coefficients - tell us mole ratio of

reactants that correctly react to form products
Solving stoichiometry problem

Write balanced equation

Convert mass to moles

Use mole ratios

Convert moles to mass

Summary of the mass-mole-number
relationships in a chemical reaction
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Cu2S (s) + O2 (g) → Cu2O (s) + SO2 (g)
a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0
mol of copper(I) sulfide?
10.0 mol Cu2S X 3 mol O2 = 15.0 mol O2
2 mol Cu2S
b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when
10.0 mol of copper(I) sulfide is roasted?

10.0 mol Cu2S x 2 mol SO2 x 64.07 g SO2

= 641 g SO2
2 mol Cu2S mol SO2
EXERCISE
 Limiting reactant
• Sometimes when a chemist carries out a reaction,
the reactants are usually not present in exact
stoichiometric amounts, i.e. in the proportions
indicated by the balanced equations.
• This means some reactant will be used up when
others will be left over at the end of the reaction. The
reactant that will be used up is the limiting reactant.
The reactant that will be left over at the end of the
reaction is the excess reactant.
Importance of limiting reactant
The amount of product formed is
determined by the limiting reactant.
 Stoichiometry involving limiting
reactants
Given:
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)

a) What mass of H2O can be produced by 4.00 g

of H2 reacting with 16.0 g of O2 ?
b) What mass of excess reactant is left after
the reaction ?
 SAMPLE PROBLEM
• Hydrazine(N H ) and dinitrogen
2 4

tetraoxide(N2O4) ignite on contact to form

nitrogen gas and water vapor. How many
grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00x10 g of
2

N H and 2.00x10 g of N O are mixed?

2 4
2
2 4
1) Write a balanced chemical equation
2 N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) 3 N2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

2) Find moles of N2 from N2H4

1.00x102 g N2H4 mol N2H4
= 3.12 mol N2H4
32.05 g N2H4
3 mol N2
3.12 mol N2H4 = 4.68 mol N2
2 mol N2H4

3) Find moles of N2 from N2O4

mol N2O4
2.00 x 10 g N2O4
2
= 2.17 mol N2O4
92.02 g N2O4
3 mol N2
2.17 mol N2O4 = 6.51 mol N2
mol N2O4
N2H4 is the limiting reactant because it produces
less product, N2, than does N2O4.

4.68 mol N228.02 g N2 = 131 g N2

mol
4) Find mass of NN2 2
 Percent Yields

The effect of side reactions on yield.

The percent yield is the measure of productivity
of a reaction

Percent yield (%) = Actual yield x 100

Theoretical yield

Actual yield - actual mass obtained in a real

experiment
Theoretical (Calculated) Yield – amount under
“perfect” lab conditions
% yield may range from a fraction of 1% to 100%

Chemists strive to maximize % yield in a reaction

 SAMPLE PROBLEM
Marble (CaCO3) reacts with HCl solution to form
CaCl2 solution, water and CO2. What is the
percent yield of CO2 if 3.65g of the gas is
collected when 10.0g of marble reacts?

1)Write a balanced equation

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

2)Theoretical yield

10.0 g x 1 mol CaCO3 x 1 mol CO2 x 44.01 g

100.09 g 1 mol CaCO3 1 mol CO2

= 4.40 g CO2

3) Percentage yield

% yield = 3.65 g x 100 = 83.0 %

4.40 g
 34.6 g of silver was reacted with excess sulfur,
according to the following equation:
 
2Ag + S  Ag2S
 
24.8 g of silver sulfide was collected. What are the
theoretical yield, actual yield and percent yield?
Mole of Ag = 34.6/107.87 = 0.3208 mole
Mole of Ag2S produced = 0.3208/2 = 0.1604mole
Therefore, theoretical yield = 0.1604x [(107.87x2)+32.06]
=39.73 g
Actual yield = 24.8 g
% yield = (24.8/39.73)X100%
= 62.4 %