GPS(GLOBAL PROCESSING

SYSTEM)
PRESENTED BY:
RAMAKRISHNA
RAJU.M
(08D15A0409)
 INDEX
• WHAT IS GPS?
• TRIANGULATION
• DETERMINING POSITION
• PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION
• THREE SEGMENTS OF GPS
• FACTORS INFLUENCING GPS
ACCURACY
• GPS APLLICATION
• CONCLUSION
 WHAT IS GPS ?
• GPS , is short for Global Positioning System , is a
satellite system used to navigate. It enables anyone on
the planet who owns a GPS receiver to know where they
are 24 hours a day in any kind of weather.

• The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a precise

worldwide radio-navigation system, and consists of a
constellation of satellites and their ground stations,
operated and maintained by the US Department of
Defense (DoD).
 Global Positioning System
A network of satellites that continuously transmit coded information, which makes it possible to precisely
identify locations on earth by measuring distance from the satellites.

THE GPS SATELLITE CONSTELLATION

THE EARTH: Latitude & Longitude
 Triangulation
• A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or more of
these satellites, figure out the distance to each,
and use this information to deduce its own location.

• This operation is based on a simple mathematical

principle called triangulation or trilateration.

• Triangulation in three-dimensional space can be a

little tricky, so we'll start with an explanation of
simple two-dimensional trilateration.
 An Example of 2D Triangulation

• Imagine you are somewhere in the United

States and you are TOTALLY lost -- for
whatever reason, you have absolutely no clue
where you are.
• You find a friendly local and ask, "Where am
I?" He says, "You are 625 miles from Boise,
Idaho."
• This is a nice, hard fact, but it is not
particularly useful by itself. You could be
anywhere on a circle around Boise that has a
radius of 625 miles
 Where in the U.S. am I?

• To pinpoint your location better, you ask somebody

else where you are.
• She says, "You are 690 miles from Minneapolis,
Minnesota.“ If you combine this information with the
Boise information, you have two circles that intersect.
 Where in the U.S. am I?
(Cont’d)

• If a third person tells you that you are 615 miles

from Tucson, Arizona, you can eliminate one of
the possibilities, because the third circle will only
intersect with one of these points. You now know
exactly where you are…
 Where in the U.S. am I?
(Cont’d)
• You are in Denver, CO!

• This same concept works in three-dimensional

space, as well, but you're dealing with spheres
instead of circles.
 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

 THE FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR GPS IS TO USE

ONE-WAY RANGING FROM THE SATELLITES.

 THE BASIS OF THE SYSTEM IS TRIANGULATION

BASED .

 GPS MEASURES DISTANCES USING THE TRAVEL

TIME OF A RADIO MESSAGE.

 TO MEASURE TRAVEL TIME , IT USES HIGH

ACCURATE CLOCKS ON BOARD .
 EVERY GPS SATELLITE HAS UP TO
4 SO-CALLED ATOMIC CLOCKS .

 CALCULATE TRAVEL TIME .

 BY MULTIPLYING THE TRAVEL TIME WITH

THE SPEED OF LIGHT ( 300.000 KM/S),THE
DISTANCE CAN BE COMPUTED.

 ONCE YOU KNOW THE DISTANCE TO EACH

SATELLITE, YOU NEED TO KNOW WHERE
THESE SATELLITES ARE IN SPACE.
 GPS SATELLITES ARE LAUNCHED INTO PRE-
DETERMINED ORBITS .

 THE GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF THE USER

RECEIVER SHOULD BE COMPUTED.

 THE CLOCKS IN THE GPS SATELLITES ARE

EXTREMELY PRECISE .

 THE INACCURATE TIME TAGGING OF THE

RECEIVED SIGNAL CAUSES A TIMING OFFSET

 SOLVING FOR THIS UNKNOWN PARAMETER CAN

BE DONE BY MAKING AN EXTRA SATELLITE RANGE
.
 Three Segments of the GPS
Space Segment

User Segment
Control Segment

Ground
Antennas
Master Station Monitor Stations
 Space Segment
• 24 satellites in 6 inclined orbits
• 4 satellites per orbit - 12 hour revolutions
• 12,600 miles (20,000 km) altitude
 Control Segment
CONSISTS OF A MASTER CONTROL
STATION IN COLORAD SPRING AS WELL AS
UPLINK AND MONITOR STATIONS
RESPONSIBLE FOR MONITORING AND
MAINTENANCE OF THE SATELLITE SYSTEM.
MONITOR STATIONS.
• HAWAII
• ASCENSION
• DIEGO GARCIA
• KWAJALEIN
 Control Segment

US Space Command

Cape Canaveral
Hawaii
Kwajalein Atoll

Diego Garcia
Ascension
Is.

Master Control Station Monitor Station Ground Antenna

 User Segment
 Military.
 Search and rescue.
 Disaster relief.
 Surveying.
 Marine, aeronautical and terrestrial navigation.
 Remote controlled vehicle and robot guidance.
 Satellite positioning and tracking.
 Shipping.
 Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
 Recreation.
 FACTORS AFFECTING GPS
ACCURACY
• SATELLITE-TO-USE RANGE ESTIMATION :
DUE TO THE ERRORS IN THE RANGE
MEASUREMENTS ,THEY WILL NOT BE
DETERMINED AS IF THEY WERE RECEIVED
CORRECTLY AT THE ELECTRICAL CENTER OF THE
GPS ANTENNA.

• WHEN THESE INCORRECT RANGE OBSERVATIONS

ARE USED TO COMPUTE POSITIONS, POSITION
DATA WILL BE REPORTED WITH AN ERROR
ESTIMATE.
IONOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES
• ELECTRICAL LOADED PARTICLES
(ELECTRONS AND PROTONS) IN THE
IONOSPHERE CAUSES RADIO SIGNALS
TRAVELLING THROUGH THE IONOSPHERE
TO BE DELAYED OR LOST.

• IN PERIODS WITH HIGH IONOSPHERIC

DISTURBANCES THE GPS SIGNAL MIGHT
BE SO DELAYED THAT CALCULATED
RANGE ARE REJECTED FROM BEING USED
IN THE POSITION CALCULATION.
• IN AREAS AROUND EQUATOR THE
DISTURBANCES IN THE IONOSPHERE ARE
SO RAPIDLY CHANGING THAT YOU MAY
EXPECT:
• LOSS OF TRACKED SATELLITES ON
THE USERS SYSTEM

• LOSS OF TRACKED SATELLITES AT

THE REFERENCE STATION

• LOSS OF TRANSMITTED
CORRECTIONS FROM INMARSAT OR
SPOTBEAM SATELLITES
Sources of Signal Interference

Earth’s Atmosphere

Solid Structures

Metal Electro-magnetic Fields

 MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE
ACCURACY
• WE USE A DIFFERENTIAL GPS (DGPS ) FOR THE
IMPROVEMENT OF ACCURACY.

• WIDE AREA AUGMENTATION SYSTEM :

WAAS is a collection of ground stations that use
DIFFERENTIAL GPS techniques to calculate the amount of
error in the GPS signals.

• With WAAS enabled, GPS units are accurate within 3 m

horizontal and 6 m vertical compared to 15 m horizontal and
19 m vertical without WAAS.
 SOME GPS APPLICATIONS
COMMERCE & RECREATIONAL
GOVERNMENT • HIKING
• MILITARY • HUNTING
• • NATURE STUDY
MARITIME
• FISHING
• AUTOMOTIVE
• BOATING
• SURVEYING • BIKING
• AVIATION • SKIING
• FORESTRY • SNOWMOBILING
• ENVIRONMENTAL • GEOCACHING
• PUBLIC SAFETY • GOLF ! ETC.
• ETC.
Military
• GPS is a recognized
NATO standard

• GPS is required on all

U.S. weapons platforms

• GPS -based precision

munitions widely used
during Gulf War, Kosovo
 NAVIGATION BASICS
1. KNOW YOUR POSITION
2. PLAN YOUR ROUTE
3. STAY ON YOUR ROUTE
4. RECOGNIZE YOUR DESTINATION
 Aviation
• GPS approved for
en-route navigation

• More efficient flight

routing leads to fuel
savings

• Better tracking of
aircraft enhances
safety
Car Navigation
• On-board navigation

• Fleet management

• Roadside assistance

• Stolen vehicle recovery

• Enhanced services

• Mass market dominated

by Japan
 Consumer/Recreational
• Portable receivers for
fishermen, hunters,
hikers, cyclists, etc.

• Recreational facilities --
golf courses, ski resorts

• Integration of GPS into

cellular phones
– E-911 requirement
Public Services
• City planning
• Transportation infrastructure
– Road Billing Network (ROBIN)
• Emergency response
– Law enforcement
– Fire fighting
– Search and rescue
– Paramedics
– Disaster relief
Maritime Navigation
• GPS-based vessel tracking
and traffic management
maximizes effectiveness of
waterways
• Improved safety increases
maritime commerce
• Maritime DGPS service for
enhanced accuracy and
safety available in 34
countries
 Space Applications
• Improved orbit and attitude
control for spacecraft,
International Space Station
• Space Station return vehicle
• Advance Land Observing
Satellite uses GPS to
calibrate high resolution
radar maps
• Satellite formation flying
• Space launch range safety
 CONCLUSION
• GPS technology has matured into a resource
that goes farbeyond its original design goals, i.e.,
for military purposes

• Scientists, sportsmen, farmers, soldiers, pilots,

surveyors, delivery drivers, sailors, and people
from many other walks of life are using GPS in
ways that make their work more productive,
safer, and sometimes even easier.

• Like the automobile, television, telephone and

internet before it, GPS is well on its way to
become a necessity for modern life .
GPS Moves Through
Nation And Creates
Sensation

THAN ‘Q’