Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Dynamics: Twelfth Edition

Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Dynamics
Twelfth Edition
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Chapter 12
Kinetics of Particles:
Newton’s Second Law
• Contents
Introduction Sample Problem 12.10
Newton’s Second Law of Motion Angular Momentum of a Particle
Linear Momentum of a Particle Equations of Motion in Radial &
Transverse Components
Systems of Units
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Equations of Motion
Newton’s Law of Gravitation
Dynamic Equilibrium
Sample Problem 12.12
Sample Problem 12.1
Trajectory of a Particle Under a
Sample Problem 12.3
Central Force
Sample Problem 12.5
Application to Space Mechanics
Sample Problem 12.6
Sample Problem 12.14
Sample Problem 12.7
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Kinetics of Particles
We must analyze all of the forces As a centrifuge reaches high
acting on the racecar in order to velocities, the arm will experience
design a good track very large forces that must be
considered in design.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. ©Glow Images RF , Russell lllig/Getty Images RF

• Introduction
F  ma
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle
will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of resultant
and in the direction of the resultant.
• Must be expressed with respect to a Newtonian (or inertial)
frame of reference, i.e., one that is not accelerating or rotating.
• This form of the equation is for a constant mass system.

• Linear Momentum of a Particle
• Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the velocity

yields,
 
dv
 F  m
dt

d  dL
  mv 
dt dt

L  linear momentum of the particle
• Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear momentum
of the particle remains constant in both magnitude and
direction.

• Systems of Units
• Of the units for the four primary dimensions (force,
mass, length, and time), three may be chosen
arbitrarily. The fourth must be compatible with
Newton’s 2nd Law.
• International System of Units (SI Units): base units are

the units of length (m), mass (kg), and time (second).
The unit of force is derived,
 m kg  m
1N   1kg  1 2   1 2
 s  s
• U.S. Customary Units: base units are the units of force

(lb), length (m), and time (second). The unit of mass is
derived,
1lb 1lb lb  s 2
1lbm  1slug  1
32.2 ft s 2 1ft s 2 ft

• Equations of Motion 1
 
• Newton’s second law  F  ma.
• Can use scalar component equations, example for

rectangular components,
   
     
 Fx i  Fy j  Fz k  m axi  a y j  a z k
F x  max F
y  ma y F
z  ma z
F x  mx F
y  my F
z  mz

• Free Body Diagrams and Kinetic Diagrams 1
The free body diagram is the same as you have done in statics;
we will add the kinetic diagram in our dynamic analysis.
1. Isolate the body of interest (free body).
2. Draw your axis system (example: Cartesian, polar, path).
3. Add in applied forces (example: weight, 225 N pulling force).
4. Replace supports with forces (example: normal force).
5. Draw appropriate dimensions (usually angles for particles).

• Free Body Diagrams and Kinetic
Diagrams 2
Put the inertial terms for the body of interest on the kinetic
diagram.
1. Isolate the body of interest (free body).
2. Draw in the mass times acceleration of the particle; if
unknown, do this in the positive direction according to your
chosen axes.
F  ma
Diagrams 3
Draw the FBD and KD for block A (note that the

massless, frictionless pulleys are attached to block A
and should be included in the system).

Diagrams 4
1. Isolate body
2. Axes
3. Applied forces
4. Replace supports with forces
5. Dimensions (already drawn)
6. Kinetic diagram

Diagrams 5
Draw the FBD and KD for the collar B. Assume there is

friction acting between the rod and collar, motion is in
the vertical plane, and θ is increasing

Diagrams 6
1. Isolate body
2. Axes
3. Applied forces
4. Replace supports with forces
5. Dimensions
6. Kinetic diagram

• Sample Problem 12.1 1
Strategy:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the
block into two rectangular component
equations.
• Unknowns consist of the applied force

P and the normal reaction N from the
plane. The two equations may be
solved for these unknowns.
A 80-kg block rests on a horizontal

plane. Find the magnitude of the force
P required to give the block an
acceleration of 2.5 m/s2 to the right. The
coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and plane is mk = 0.25.

Modeling and Analysis:

• Resolve the equation of motion for the block
into two rectangular component equations.
 Fx  ma :
y
(
P cos30° - 0.25 N = ( 80 kg ) 2.5m s 2 )
= 200 N
O
x  Fy  0 :
N — P sin 30° - 785 N = 0
• Unknowns consist of the applied force P and
the normal reaction N from the plane. The two
equations may be solved for these unknowns.
N = P sin 30° + 785 N
P cos30° - 0.25 ( P sin 30° + 785 N ) = 200 N
P = 535 N

Reflect and Think

When you begin pushing on an object, you
first have to overcome the static friction
force (F = μsN) before the object will
move.
Also note that the downward component
of force P increases the normal force N,
which in turn increases the friction force F
that you must overcome.

Strategy:
• Write the kinematic relationships for the
dependent motions and accelerations of
the blocks.
• Write the equations of motion for the
blocks and pulley.
• Combine the kinematic relationships
with the equations of motion to solve for
The two blocks shown start the accelerations and cord tension.
from rest. The horizontal
plane and the pulley are
frictionless, and the pulley is
assumed to be of negligible
mass. Determine the
acceleration of each block
and the tension in the cord.


dependent motions and accelerations of the
blocks.
yB  12 x A aB  12 a A
• Write equations of motion for blocks and pulley.

F x  mA a A :
T1   100 kg  a A
F y  mB a B :
m Bg-T2 =m Ba B
 300 kg   9.81m s 2  -T2 =  300 kg  a B
T2 =2940N-  300 kg  a B
F y  mC aC  0 :
T2  2T1  0

• Combine kinematic relationships with equations

of motion to solve for accelerations and cord
tension.
yB  12 x A aB  12 a A
T1   100 kg  a A
T2 =2940N-  300 kg  a B
 2940N-  300 kg   12 a A 
T2  2T1  0
2940 N   150 kg  a A  2  100 kg  a A  0
a A  8.40 m s 2
aB  12 a A  4.20 m s 2
T1   100 kg  a A  840 N
T2  2T1  1680 N
Reflect and Think

• Note that the value obtained for T2 is
not equal to the weight of block B.
Rather than choosing B and the
pulley as separate systems, you
could have chosen the system to be
B and the pulley. In this case, T2
would have been an internal force.

Strategy:
• The block is constrained to slide down
the wedge. Therefore, their motions are
dependent. Express the acceleration of
block as the acceleration of wedge plus
the acceleration of the block relative to
the wedge.

wedge and block.
The 6-kg block B starts from rest and
slides on the 15-kg wedge A, which is • Solve for the accelerations.
supported by a horizontal surface.
Neglecting friction, determine (a) the
acceleration of the wedge, and (b) the
acceleration of the block relative to the
wedge.


• The block is constrained to slide down the
wedge. Therefore, their motions are dependent.
  
aB  a A  aB A
• Write equations of motion for wedge and block.
 Fx  m A a A :
y N1 sin 30° = mA a A
0.5 N1 = ( m A ) a A
x
 Fx  mB a x  mB  a A cos 30  a B A :
(
- mB g sin 30° = ( mB ) a A cos30° - aB A )
aB A = a A cos30° + g sin 30°
 Fy  m B a y  mB   a A sin 30 :
N1 - mB g cos30° = - ( mB ) a A sin 30°
• Solve for the accelerations.

0.5 N1 = ( m A ) a A
N1 - mB g cos30° = - ( mB ) a A sin 30°

2 ( m A ) a A - mB g cos30° = - ( mB ) a A sin 30°
gmB cos30°
aA =
2m A + mB sin 30°
( 6 kg ) ( 9.81m/s2 ) cos30°
aA =
2 ( 15kg ) + ( 6 kg ) sin 30°
a A = 1.545m s 2
aB A = a A cos30° + g sin 30°

aB A ( ) (
= 1.545m s 2 cos30° + 9.81m s 2 sin 30° )
aB A = 6.24 m s 2

Reflect and Think

Many students are tempted to draw the
acceleration of block B down the incline in
the kinetic diagram. It is important to
recognize that this is the direction of the
relative acceleration. Rather than the
kinetic diagram you used for block B, you
could have simply put unknown
accelerations in the x and y directions and
then used your relative motion equation to
obtain more scalar equations.

• Group Problem Solving 1
Strategy:
dependent motions and accelerations of the
blocks.
• Draw the FBD and KD for each block
blocks and pulley.
• Combine the kinematic relationships with
the equations of motion to solve for the
accelerations and cord tension.
The two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the

masses of the pulleys and the effect of friction in the pulleys
and between block A and the horizontal surface, determine (a)
the acceleration of each block, (b) the tension in the cable.


dependent motions and accelerations of
the blocks.
This is the same problem worked last
chapter - write the constraint equation.
x A  3 yB  constants  L
Differentiate this twice to get the

acceleration relationship.
v A  3vB  0
a A  3aB  0
a A  3aB (1)

• Draw the FBD and KD for each block,
• Write the equation of motion for each block, 

 Fx  mA a A :
 F  m a
y B B
T  mA aB
WB  3T  mB aB (2)
From Equation (1) T  3mA aB (3)
• Solve the three equations, 3 unknowns,
(3) → (2) mB g  3(3mA aB )  mB aB T  3  30 kg  0.83136 m/s 2

g 9.81 m/s 2 T  74.8 N
aB    0.83136 m/s 2 
m 30 kg a A  2.49  2.49 m/s 2 
1 9 A 1 9
mB 25 kg
Reflect and Think:

• The acceleration of Block A is to the right
as would be expected
• The tension force in the cable has to be
less than 1/3 of the weight of Block B.
(Otherwise the block would not move
downward)
25kg m
T  74.8 N   9.81 2  81.8 N
3 s

• Concept Quiz 1
The three systems are released from rest. Rank the

accelerations, from highest to lowest.
a) (1) > (2) > (3) d) (1) = (2) = (3)

b) (1) = (2) > (3) e) (1) = (2) < (3)
c) (2) > (1) > (3)

• Concept Quiz 2
The three systems are released from rest. Rank the

accelerations, from highest to lowest.
a) (1) > (2) > (3) d) (1) = (2) = (3)

b) (1) = (2) > (3) e) (1) = (2) < (3)
c) Answer: (2) > (1) > (3)

• Kinetics: Normal and Tangential
Coordinates
Aircraft and roller coasters can both experience large
normal forces during turns.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. © Purestock/SuperStock RF, Alan Schein/Getty Images

• Equations of Motion 2
 
• Newton’s second law  F  ma.
• For tangential and normal components,

F t  mat F n  man
dv v2
 t dt
F =m F n  m 

Strategy:
• Resolve the equation of motion for the
bob into tangential and normal
components.
• Solve the component equations for the
normal and tangential accelerations.
• Solve for the velocity in terms of the
normal acceleration.
The bob of a 2-m pendulum
describes an arc of a circle in a
vertical plane. If the tension in
the cord is 2.5 times the weight
of the bob for the position
shown, find the velocity and
accel-eration of the bob in that
position.


• Resolve the equation of motion for the bob into
tangential and normal components.
• Solve the component equations for the normal
and tangential accelerations.
 F  ma :
t t
mg sin 30  mat
at  g sin 30 at  4.9 m s 2
F n  man : 2.5mg  mg cos 30  man

an  g  2.5  cos 30 
an  16.03m s 2
• Solve for velocity in terms of normal

acceleration.
v2
an  v   an   2 m   16.03m s2 

v  5.66 m s

Reflect and Think:

• If you look at these equations for an
angle of zero instead of 30o, you will
see that when the bob is straight below
point O, the tangential acceleration is
zero, and the velocity is a maximum.
The normal acceleration is not zero
because the bob has a velocity at this
point.

Strategy:
• The car travels in a horizontal circular
path with a normal component of
acceleration directed toward the center
of the path. The forces acting on the
car are its weight and a normal reaction
from the road surface.
• Resolve the equation of motion for

Determine the rated speed of a the car into vertical and normal
highway curve of radius r = 120 m components.
banked through an angle q = 18o. The
rated speed of a banked highway curve • Solve for the vehicle speed.
is the speed at which a car should
travel if no lateral friction force is to
be exerted at its wheels.

• Resolve the equation of motion for

the car into vertical and normal
components.
 Fy  0 : R cos  W  0
W
R
cos
W
 Fn  man : R sin  an
SOLUTION: g
Modeling and Analysis: W W v2

sin 
• The car travels in a horizontal circular cos g 
path with a normal component of • Solve for the vehicle speed.
acceleration directed toward the center
of the path. The forces acting on the
car are its weight and a normal
reaction from the road surface.
v = 19.56 m s = 70.4 km h
Reflect and Think:

• For a highway curve, this seems like a
reasonable speed for avoiding a spin-
out. If the roadway were banked at a
larger angle, would the rated speed be
larger or smaller than this calculated
value?
• For this problem, the tangential
direction is into the page; since you
were not asked about forces or
accelerations in this direction, you did
not need to analyze motion in the
tangential direction.

STRATEGY:
• Draw the FBD and KD for the collar.
collar.
• Determine kinematics of the collar.
The 3-kg collar B rests on the
frictionless arm AA′. The collar is • Combine the equations of motion
held in place by the rope attached with kinematic relationships and
to drum D and rotates about O in solve.
a horizontal plane. The linear
velocity of the collar B is
increasing according to v  0.2 t 2
where v is in m/s and t is in sec.
Find the tension in the rope and
the force of the bar on the collar
after 5 seconds if r = 0.4 m.

• Given: v  0.2t 2 , r = 0.4
• Find: T and N at t m= 5 sec
Draw the FBD and KD of the collar
Write the equations of

motion
Fn  man Ft  mat
v2 dv
N m T m
 dt

Kinematics : find vt, an, at

vt  0.2t 2  0.2(52 ) =5 m/s
v 2 52
an    62.5 (m/s 2 )
 0.4
dv
at   0.4t  0.4(5)  2 m/s 2
dt
Substitute into equations of motion
Fn  man Ft  mat

N  3.0(62.5) T  3.0(2)
N  187.5 N T  6.0 N

Reflect and Think:
How would the problem

change if motion was in the
vertical plane?
You would add an mg term
and would also need to
calculate q
When is the tangential force greater than the normal force?
Only at the very beginning, when starting to accelerate. In most

applications, an >> at

• Concept Question
A car is driving from A to D on

the curved path shown. The
driver is doing the following at
each point:
A – going at a constant speed B – stepping on the accelerator

C – stepping on the brake D – stepping on the accelerator
Draw the approximate direction

of the car’s acceleration at each
point.

• Kinetics: Radial and Transverse
Coordinates
Hydraulic actuators, extending robotic arms, and
centrifuges as shown below are often analyzed using
radial and transverse coordinates.

• Eqs of Motion in Radial & Transverse
Components 1
• Consider particle at r and q, in polar coordinates,
 r
F  ma r  m r
 r2 
F   ma  m  r  2r 

Strategy:
• Write the radial and transverse
equations of motion for the
block.
• Integrate the radial equation to
find an expression for the radial
A block B of mass m can slide freely on velocity.
a frictionless arm OA which rotates in a • Substitute known information
horizontal plane at a constant rate 0 . into the transverse equation to
Knowing that B is released at a distance find an expression for the force
r0 from O, express as a function of r on the block.
a) the component vr of the velocity of B

along OA, and
b) the magnitude of the horizontal force
exerted on B by the arm OA.
• Integrate the radial equation to find an

expression for the radial velocity.
dvr dvr dr dv
r  v r    vr r
dt dr dt dr
dv dv dr dv
r  v r  r  r  vr r
dt dr dt dr
Modeling and Analysis: vr dvr  r 2 dr  r02 dr
• Write the radial and transverse vr r
 v dv    r dr
2
equations of motion for the r r 0
0 r0
block.
vr2   02  r 2  r02 
 Fr  m ar : 
0  m r  r 2  • Substitute known information into the
transverse equation to find an
F   m a : F  m  r  2r  expression for the force on the block.
F  2m 02  r 2  r02 
12

Reflect
and Think:
• Introducing radial and transverse components of force and
acceleration involves using components of velocity as well in
the computations. But this is still much simpler and more direct
than trying to use other coordinate systems.
• Even though the radial acceleration is zero, the collar
accelerates relative to the rod with acceleration .

Strategy:
• Draw the FBD and KD for the collar.
collar.
• Determine kinematics of the collar.
• Combine the equations of motion
with kinematic relationships and
solve.
The 3-kg collar B slides on the frictionless arm AA. The arm is attached to drum
D and rotates about O in a horizontal plane at the rate where and t are expressed
in rad/s and seconds, respectively. As the arm-drum assembly rotates, a
mechanism within the drum releases the cord so that the collar moves outward
from O with a constant speed of 0.5 m/s. Knowing that at t = 0, r = 0, determine
the time at which the tension in the cord is equal to the magnitude of the
horizontal force exerted on B by arm AA.

MODELING and ANALYSIS:

• Given:   0.75t r (0)  0
r  5 m/s
• Find: time when T = N
Draw the FBD and KD of the collar
Write the equations of motion
+Z S Fr = mar F  mB a
&- rq&2 )
+^ - T = m(r& N  m(r  2r )

r  5 m/s
Kinematics: find expressions for r and q r t
  (0.75t ) rad/s
 0
dr   0
0.5 dt
r  (0.5t ) m
  0.75 rad/s 2
r  0
Substitute values into ar , aθ
ar  r  r 2  0  [(0.5t ) m][(0.75t ) rad/s]2  (0.28125t 3 ) m/s 2
a  r  2r  [(0.5t ) m][0.75 rad/s 2 ]  2(0.5 m/s)[(0.75t ) rad/s]

 (1.125t ) m/s 2
Substitute into equation of motion Set T = N

Fr  mar :  T  (3 kg)(0.28125t 3 ) m/s 2 (0.84375t 3 )  (3.375t )
F  mB a : N  (3 kg)(1.125t ) m/s 2 t 2  4.000
t  2.00 s

• Concept Quiz 3
The top view of a spinning platform

is shown. A girl starts walking
towards the outside of the spinning
platform, as shown in the figure by
the black box. She is walking at a
constant rate with respect to the
platform, and the platform rotates
at a constant rate. In which
direction(s) will the forces act on
her?
a) +e1 b) − e1 c) +e2 d) − e2
e) The forces are zero in the e1 and e2 directions
• Concept Quiz 4
The top view of a spinning platform

is shown. A girl starts walking
towards the outside of the spinning
platform, as shown in the figure by
the black box. She is walking at a
constant rate with respect to the
platform, and the platform rotates
at a constant rate. In which
direction(s) will the forces act on
her?
a) +e1 b) − e1 c) +e2 d) − e2
e) The forces are zero in the e1 and e2 directions
• Angular Momentum of a Particle 1
Satellite orbits are analyzed using conservation of

angular momentum.
© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. Source: NASA/JSC

• Eqs of Motion in Radial & Transverse
Components 2
• Consider particle at r and q, in polar coordinates,
F r 
 mar  m r  r 2 
F   ma  m  r  2r 
• This result may also be derived from

conservation of angular momentum,
H O  mr 2
d
r  F 
dt
mr 2  

 m r 2  2rr
 F  m  r  2r 


• Angular Momentum of a Particle 2
  
• H O  r  mV  moment of momentum or the
angular momentum of the particle about O.
 
• H O is perpendicular to plane containing r and mV
  
H O  rmV sin  i j k

 rm v HO  x y z
 mr 2 mv x mv y mvz
• Derivative of angular momentum with respect to
time,     
     
H O  r  mV  r  mV  V  mV  r  ma

 rF

  MO
• It follows from Newton’s second law that the
sum of the moments about O of the forces acting
on the particle is equal to the rate of change of
the angular momentum of the particle about O.
• Conservation of Angular Momentum 1
• When only force acting on particle is

directed toward or away from a fixed point
O, the particle is said to be moving under a
central force.
• Since the line of action of the
 central force
passes through O,  M O  H O  0 and
  
r  mV  H O  constant
• Position vector and motion of particle are in

a plane perpendicular to H O .
• Magnitude of angular momentum,
H O  rmV sin   constant
 r0 mV0 sin 0
or H O  mr 2  constant
HO angular momentum
 r 2  h 
m unit mass

• Conservation of Angular Momentum 2
• Radius vector OP sweeps infinitesimal area

dA  12 r 2 d
• Define dA  12 r 2 d  12 r 2  areal velocity

dt dt
• Recall, for a body moving under a central

force,
h  r 2  constant
• When a particle moves under a central force,
its areal velocity is constant.

• Newton’s Law of Gravitation
• Gravitational force exerted by the sun on a planet
or by the earth on a satellite is an important
example of gravitational force.
• Newton’s law of universal gravitation - two
particles of mass M and m attract each other with
equal and opposite force directed along the line
connecting the particles,
Mm
F G 2
r
G  constant of gravitation
12 m3
 66.73  10
kg  s 2
• For particle of mass m on the earth’s surface,

MG m
W m 2
 mg g  9.81
R s2

Strategy:
• Since the satellite is moving under a
central force, its angular momentum is
constant. Equate the angular momentum
at A and B and solve for the velocity at B.
A satellite is launched in a direction

parallel to the surface of the earth
with a velocity of 30,000 km/h from
an altitude of 400 km. Determine the
velocity of the satellite as it reaches it
maximum altitude of 4000 km. The
radius of the earth is 6370 km.


• Since the satellite is moving under a
central force, its angular momentum is
constant. Equate the angular momentum
at A and B and solve for the velocity at B.
rm v sin f = H O = constant
rA mv A = rB m vB
Reflect and Think: rA
• Note that in order to increase vB = v A
rB
velocity, a spacecraft often applies
thrusters to push it closer to the = ( 30,000 km h)
( 6370 + 400) km
earth. This central force means the ( 6370 + 4000) km
spacecraft’s angular momentum vB = 19,590 km h
remains constant, its radial
distance r decreases, and its
velocity v increases.
• Trajectory of a Particle Under a
Central Force
• For particle moving under central force directed towards force center,
 
m r  r 2   Fr   F  
m r  2r   F  0
• Second expression is equivalent to r 2  h  constant , from which,
h h2 d 2  1 
  2 and r   2  
r r d 2  r 
• After substituting into the radial equation of motion and simplifying,
d 2u F 1
 u  where u 
d 2 mh 2u 2 r
• If F is a known function of r or u, then particle trajectory may be found by

integrating for u = f(q), with constants of integration determined from
initial conditions.
• Application to Space Mechanics 1
• Consider earth satellites subjected to only gravitational

pull of the earth,
d 2u F 1 GMm
 u  where u  F  GMmu 2
d 2 mh 2u 2 r r2
d 2u GM
 u   constant
d 2 h2
• Solution is equation of conic section,

1 GM Ch 2
u   2  1   cos     eccentricity
r h GM
• Origin, located at earth’s center, is a focus of the conic

section.
• Trajectory may be ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola
depending on value of eccentricity.

• Trajectory of earth satellite is defined by,

1 GM Ch 2
 2  1   cos     eccentricity
r h GM
• hyperbola,   1 or C > GM / h 2 .
The radius vector becomes infinite for,
 1  GM 
1   cos 1  0 1   cos 1      cos 1   2 
   Ch 
• parabola,   1 or C = GM/h 2 .
The radius vector becomes infinite for,
1  cos  2  0  2  180
• ellipse,   1 or C < GM / h 2 .
The radius vector is finite for q and is constant,
that is a circle, for ε < 0.
• Integration constant C is determined by

conditions at beginning of free flight, q =
0, r = r0 ,
1 GM  Ch 2 
 2 1  cos 0 
r0 h  GM 
1 GM 1 GM
C  2  
r0 h r0  r0 v0  2
• Satellite escapes earth orbit for

  1 or C  GM h 2  GM  r0v0 
2
2GM
vesc  v0 
r0
• Trajectory is elliptic for v0 < vesc and

becomes circular for e = 0 or C = 0,
GM
vcirc 
r0

• Recall that for a particle moving under a central

force, the areal velocity is constant, that is,
dA 1 2  1
 2 r   2 h  constant
dt
• Periodic time or time required for a satellite to
complete an orbit is equal to area within the orbit
divided by areal velocity,
 ab 2 ab
 
h2 h
where a  12  r0  r1 
b  r0 r1

Strategy:
• Trajectory of the satellite is described by,
1 GM
 2  C cos 
r h
A satellite is launched in a Evaluate C using the initial conditions at

direction parallel to the surface q = 0.
of the earth with a velocity of
36,900 km/h at an altitude of • Determine the maximum altitude by
500 km. finding r at q = 180o.
Determine: • With the altitudes at the perigee and
a) the maximum altitude apogee known, the periodic time can
reached by the satellite, and be evaluated.
b) the periodic time of the
satellite.

• Trajectory of the satellite is described by
1 GM
 2  C cos 
r h
Evaluate C using the initial conditions

at q = 0.
r0   6370  500  km
 6.87  106 m 1 GM
C  2
km 1000 m/km r0 h
v 0  36900 
h 3600s/h 1 398  1012 m 3 s 2
 
6.87  10 m  
6 2
 10.25  103 m s 70.4 m 2 s
h  r0 v0   6.87 106 m   10.25 103 m s   65.3  10 9 m 1
 70.4  109 m 2 s
GM  gR 2   9.81m s 2   6.37  10 6 m 
2
 398 1012 m3 s 2

• Determine the maximum altitude by finding

r1 at q = 180o.
1 GM 398  1012 m3 s 2 9 1
 2 C   65.3  10
 70.4 m2 s 
2
r1 h m
r1  66.7 106 m  66700 km

max altitude   66700-6370  km  60300 km
• With the altitudes at the perigee and apogee
known, the periodic time can be evaluated.
a 1
2  r0  r1   12  6.87  66.7  106 m  36.8 106 m
b  r0 r1  6.87  66.7 106 m  21.4  106 m
2 ab 2  36.8 10 m   21.4 10 m 

6 6
 
h 70.4 109 m 2 s
  70.3 103 s  19 h 31min

Reflect And Think:
• The satellite takes less than one day to

travel over 60,000 km from the earth
and back. In this problem, you started
with Equation 12.37, but it is
important to remember that this
formula was the solution to a
differential equation that was derived
using Newton’s second law.

• Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Results obtained for trajectories of satellites around earth may also be applied
to trajectories of planets around the sun.
Properties of planetary orbits around the sun were determined astronomical

observations by Johann Kepler (1571 to 1630) before Newton had developed
his fundamental theory.
1) Each planet describes an ellipse, with the sun located at one of its foci.
2) The radius vector drawn from the sun to a planet sweeps equal areas in
equal times.
3) The squares of the periodic times of the planets are proportional to the
cubes of the semimajor axes of their orbits.

• End of Chapter 12

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Vector Mechanics For Engineers: Dynamics

Copyright © 2020 McGraw Hill , All Rights Reserved.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. ©Glow Images RF , Russell lllig/Getty Images RF

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the velocity

• Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• International System of Units (SI Units): base units are

• U.S. Customary Units: base units are the units of force

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Can use scalar component equations, example for

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Draw the FBD and KD for block A (note that the

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Draw the FBD and KD for the collar B. Assume there is

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Unknowns consist of the applied force

A 80-kg block rests on a horizontal

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Modeling and Analysis:

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Reflect and Think

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Modeling and Analysis:

• Write equations of motion for blocks and pulley.

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Combine kinematic relationships with equations

Reflect and Think

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Write the equations of motion for the

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Modeling and Analysis:

• Solve for the accelerations.

N1 - mB g cos30° = - ( mB ) a A sin 30°

aB A = a A cos30° + g sin 30°

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Reflect and Think

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

The two blocks shown are originally at rest. Neglecting the

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

Modeling and Analysis:

Differentiate this twice to get the

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

• Draw the FBD and KD for each block,

• Write the equation of motion for each block, 

• Solve the three equations, 3 unknowns,

(3) → (2) mB g  3(3mA aB )  mB aB T  3  30 kg  0.83136 m/s 2

Reflect and Think:

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

The three systems are released from rest. Rank the

a) (1) > (2) > (3) d) (1) = (2) = (3)

© 2019 McGraw-Hill Education.

The three systems are released from rest. Rank the

a) (1) > (2) > (3) d) (1) = (2) = (3)