Basic Networking

About NETRONiX

Network Administration Services GIK LAN Network 2003 Members

Sole caretaker of GIK’s Network services like GIK’s Network includes Student based society 90 members
network DC+, Gaming Servers, hostels accommodating since 2003
IPTV 3000+ students and
faculties
What is a Network
A Network is a collection of computers, printers, routers, switches
and other devices that are able to communicate with each other over
some transmission media.
Types of Networks
There are three basic types of networks:
• Local Area Network
• Wide Area Network
• Metropolitan Area Network
Local Area Network
A Local Area Network is a group of computers and network
communication devices within a limited geographic area, such as an
office building.
They are characterized by the following:
• High data transfer speeds
• Generally less expensive technologies
• Limited geographic area
Wide Area Network
A Wide Area Network interconnects LANs. It is not restricted to a
particular geographic area and may be interconnected around the
world.
They are characterized by the following:
• Multiple interconnected LANs
• Generally more expensive technology
• Exist in an unlimited geographic area
Metropolitan Area Network
• A metropolitan area network (MAN) is similar to a local area
network (LAN) but spans an entire city or campus.
• MANs are formed by connecting multiple LANs.
• MANs are larger than LANs but smaller than wide area networks
(WAN).
Network Topologies
A topology is a usually schematic description of the arrangement of a
network, including its nodes and connecting lines.
Types:
• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology
• Mesh Topology
Bus Topology
• A bus topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all
the nodes are connected to a single cable called a backbone.
• If the backbone is broken, the entire network fails
Ring Topology
• A ring topology is a network configuration in which device
connections create a circular data path.
• Each networked device is connected to two others, like points on
a circle
• Most ring topologies allow packets to
travel only in one direction, called a
unidirectional ring network. Others
permit data to move in either direction,
called bidirectional.
Star Topology
• In Star topology, all nodes are individually connected to a central
connection point, like a hub or a switch.
• If one node or its connection breaks, it does not affect the other
computers nor their connection.
• Devices can be added or removed
without disturbing the network.
Mesh Topology
• A network setup where each computer and network device is
interconnected with one another.
• If one node or its connection breaks, it
does not affect the other computers nor
their connection.
• It Manages high amounts of traffic but
the cost to implement is higher than
other network topologies.
LAN Transmission Methods
Lan transmission methods fall into 3 main categories:
• Unicast transmission:
A single data packet is sent from a source to a single destination on the
network
• Multicast transmission:
A piece of information is sent from one or more points to a set of other
points
• Broadcast transmission
A piece of information is sent from one point to all other points
Network Devices
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
Network Hub
• Hub is a networking device which is used to connect multiple
network hosts.
• Hub cannot determine the destination. It sends the data
packet to all of its ports.
• Because of its working mechanism, a hub is not so secure and
safe.
• Moreover, copying the data packets on all the interfaces or
ports makes it slower and more congested which led to the use
of network switch.
Network Switch
• Switch is a networking device which is used to connect multiple
network hosts.
• Switch is more intelligent than a hub.
• Hub just does data forwarding, a switch does ‘filter and forwarding’
which is a more intelligent way of dealing with the data packets.
• Switch makes forwarding decisions on Physical address (MAC).
• So, when a packet is received at one of the interfaces of the switch,
it filters the packet and sends only to the interface of the intended
receiver.
Network Router
• A router is a network device which is responsible for routing traffic
from one to another network.
• These two networks could be a private company network to a
public network.
• You can think of a router as a traffic police who directs different
network traffic to different directions.
Ip Address
• IP addresses are the logical address.
• Every machine on a network has a unique identifier. Computers use
the unique identifier to send data to specific computers on a
network.
• This can either be Static or Dynamic assigned by a DHCP server.
• IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long
MAC Address
• A MAC address is given to a network adapter when it is
manufactured.
• It is hardwired or hard-coded onto your computer's network
interface card (NIC) and is unique to it.
DHCP
• The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a network
management protocol used where a DHCP server dynamically assigns an
IP address and other network configuration parameters to each device on
a network so they can communicate with other IP networks.
• DHCP server maintains a pool of available IP addresses and assigns one of
them to the host.
DNS
• DNS is a network protocol used to translate hostnames into IP addresses.
• You can access the Google homepage by typing
216.58.207.14, but it’s much easier just to type www.google.com.
Local Area Network Cabling
• The earliest LANs used coaxial cables. Over time, he twisted pair
cables used in telephone systems were improved to carry higher
frequencies and support LAN traffic. More recently, fiber optic
cables have emerged as a high-speed cabling option.
• LAN use four types of cables:
• Coaxial
• Unshielded Twisted Pair
• Shielded Twisted Pair
• Fiber Optic
Coaxial Cables
• The Ethernet LAN protocol was originally developed to operate
over coaxial cables.
• Coaxial cables are sometime used for bus topologies, but many
LAN products are dropping support of coaxial cable connectivity.
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Unshielded twisted pair cable is used for both LANs and telephone
systems. UTP cable is composed of four color-coded pairs of copper
conducors twisted around each other. An outer jacket provides
protection and keeps the pairs in alignment. UTP cable connects to
devices via 8 pin connectors called RJ-45.
Shielded Twisted Pair
• Shielded Twisted Pair is also used for Data Networks.
• It’s shielding allows greater tolerances for protection from Electro-
Magnetic Interference.
Color Code
Fiber Optic Cable
• Fiber Optic Cables are the latest development in cabling
technology.
• They are constructed from optical glass.
• Data is transmitted by wavelengths of light.
• High bandwidth capacity (many Gigabits per second)
• Longer distances between devices
• Immunity to electromagnetic interferences
• Widely used in WANs
Network Models
• There are two network models widely used:
• TCP/IP model .
• OSI (Open System Interconnection) Model.
OSI Model
• There are seven layers in OSI model on both sides of the
communication. Each layer is responsible for a particular aspect of
data communication.
Communication at OSI Model
• Each layer, in OSI model, adds an additional information (header and trailer) of
itself to the packets. This process is known as Encapsulation. Decapsulation
take place at the receiver end.
Application Layer (Data):
•  Application layer directly interacts with the end user
• The application layer provides many services including Simple Mail
Transport Protocol, File Transfer, Web surfing, Network Data Sharing etc.
with the help of protocols to perform user activities.
• Protocols: HTTP/S, FTP, SMTP, Telnet etc.
Presentation Layer (Data):
• It is used to present data to the application layer in an accurate, well-
defined and standardized format.
• The presentation layer is responsible for Translation, Data Compression and
Data Encryption/Decryption.
Session Layer (Data):
• Provides the control structure for communication between applications
• Establishes, manages, and terminates connections (sessions) between
cooperating applications
Transport Layer (Segments):
• Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data between end points;
provides end-to-end error recovery and flow control.
• Devices at the end-points of a network communication establish a
handshake protocol to ensure a connection is robust before data is
exchanged. 
• Each segment contains Source and Destination’s Port No as well as a
Sequence No.
• Ensures that packets are always delivered in strict sequence using
Sequence Numbers.
• Using checksums, the data integrity across all the delivery layers can be
ensured.
• Protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
Network Layer (Packets):
• It provides data routing paths for network communication
• Data is transferred in the form of packets via logical network paths in an ordered format controlled
by the network layer.
• Logical connection setup, data forwarding, routing and delivery error reporting are the network
layer’s primary responsibilities.
• Each packet contains Sender and receiver’s IP addresses
Data-link Layer (Frames):
• It handles the moving of data into and out of a physical link in a network.
• Each frame contains Source and Destination MAC Addresses
• Data bits are encoded, decoded and organized in the data link layer, before they are transported as
frames between two adjacent nodes on the same LAN or WAN.
• It handles problems that occur as a result of bit transmission errors.
Physical Layer (Bits):
• Lowest layer in the OSI model
• Concerned with how the physical structure of the network enables transmission of data
• Convert Binary numbers into Signals and transmit over local media
• Signal generated by Physical layer depend on the type of media used e.g. Electrical signal in case of
Copper cable, Light signal in case of Optical Fiber etc.
Layering In Action
• At source data goes down the protocol stack
• Each router processes packet up to the Network Layer (that’s
where routing info lives)
• Router then passes packet down the protocol stack
• Destination host processes up to application layer
TCP/IP Model
• It consists of four layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and
Application.
• Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model are
merged in only one layer, Application layer, in the TCP/IP model.
Also, Physical and Data Link layers are called Network Access layer
in the TCP/IP model.
Basic Troubleshooting Commands
• Ping
• A ping is the most commonly used tool when troubleshooting a network.
• Ping works by sending an echo request message to the specified IP
address. If the computer with the destination IP address is reachable, it
responds with an echo reply message.
Ipconfig
• Ipconfig command displays all current network configuration
values (IP address, Subnet Mask, Gateway).
Gateway:
• A network gateway joins two networks so the devices on one network can
communicate with the devices on another network. Without gateways,
you couldn't be able to access the internet, communicate and send data
back and forth.
Subnet Mask:
• It is a number that defines a range of IP addresses available within a
network.
Traceroute
• It is used to identify the path used by a packet to reach its target.
• Traceroute is useful when troubleshooting network problems
because it can help identify where exactly the problem is.
THANK YOU