Fluids Flow in multiphase systems

Content:
Basic elements in fluids flow
Navier Stokes Equations
Boundary Layer Equations
Combined Flow Models I
Combined Flow Models II
Flow in porous media,
Wetted mobile packed bed
Wetted flooded packed bed
Flow in sieve trays column
Flow in a bubble caps trays column
Flow in systems with multiple drops
Fluidization I
Fluidization II
Spouted bed

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Basic elements in fluids flow
• Density and Pressure
• Hydrostatic Equilibrium and Pascal’s Law
• Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
• Fluid Dynamics
• Conservation of Mass: Continuity Equation
• Conservation of Energy: Bernoulli’s Equation
• Applications of Fluid Dynamics
CFSM/ 1th Lesson
A microscopic view solid,liquid and gas
Solid
rigid body

Liquid
Fluid
Incompressible

Gas
Fluid
compressible
CFSM/ 1th Lesson
What new physics is involved?

• Fluids can flow from place-

to-place

• Their density can change if

they are compressible (for
example, gasses)

• Fluids are pushed around by

pressure forces

• An object immersed in a fluid

experiences buoyancy

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Density
• The density of a fluid is the concentration of mass

  𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠   𝑚   𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌= 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 3
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 𝑚

• Mass = 100 g = 0.1 kg

• Volume = 100 cm3 = 10-4 m3

• Density = 1 g/cm3 = 1000 kg m3

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

The shown cubic vessels contain
the stated matter. Which fluid has
the highest density ?
𝟏.
 
𝟐.
 

 of water  of water

at at

1𝑚
  1𝑚
 

𝟑.
 
𝟒.
 

 of water  of water

at at

  CFSM/ 1th Lesson  

 Pressure
• Pressure is the concentration of a force
– the force exerted per unit area

Exerts a pressure on the

Greater pressure! sides and through the fluid
(same force, less area)
CFSM/ 1th Lesson
 Pressure

  𝐹
𝑝=
𝐴

• Units of pressure are N/m2 or Pascals (Pa) – 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa

• Atmospheric pressure = 1 atm = 101.3 kPa = 1 x 105 N/m2

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 What is responsible for 𝑣𝑎𝑐𝑢𝑢𝑚
 
A
the force which holds B
urban climber B in place
when using suction cups.

1. The force of friction

2. Vacuum pressure exerts a pulling
force
3. Atmospheric pressure exerts a
pushing force
4. The normal force of the glass.
CFSM/ 1th Lesson
 Hydrostatic Equilibrium

• Pressure differences drive fluid flow

• If a fluid is in equilibrium, pressure forces must balance

• Pascal’s law: pressure change is transmitted through a fluid

CFSM/ 1th Lesson
 Hydrostatic Equilibrium with Gravity
Derivation:
 ( 𝑃+𝑑𝑃 ) 𝐴 − 𝑝𝐴= 𝑚𝑔

𝑑𝑃
  𝐴=𝜌 𝐴 𝑑h 𝑔
 𝑑𝑃
=𝜌 𝑔
𝑑h

 𝑃= 𝑃 0+ 𝜌 𝑔h

Pressure in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid per unit area above it:

CFSM/ 1 Lesson
th
 𝑃= 𝑃0 + 𝜌 𝑔h
Consider the three open containers filled with water.
How do the pressures at the bottoms compare ?

A. B. C.

1. Not enough information

CFSM/ 1th Lesson
The three open containers are now filled with oil,
water and honey respectively. How do the pressures
at the bottoms compare ?

honey
A. B. C.
oil water

1. Not enough information

CFSM/ 1th Lesson
 Calculating Crush Depth of a Submarine
 Q.A nuclear submarine is rated to withstand a pressure difference
of before catastrophic failure. If the internal air pressure is
maintained at , what is the maximum permissible depth ?

𝑃= 𝑃 0+ 𝜌 𝑔h
 

 𝑃 − 𝑃 0=70 𝑎𝑡𝑚=7.1× 106 𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜌=1× 10 3 𝑘𝑔/ 𝑚 3

  𝑃−𝑃0 7.1 ×10 6

h= = =720 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 1 ×10 3 ×9.8

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Measuring Pressure
 Q. What is height of mercury (Hg)
at ?
 𝜌 3
𝐻𝑔 =13.6 𝑔/ 𝑐𝑚
 𝑃= 𝑃 0+ 𝜌 𝑔h → h=𝑃 / 𝜌 𝑔

  1 ×10 5
h= =0.75 𝑚
1.36 × 10 4 × 9.8

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

Atmospheric pressure can support a 10 meters high

column of water. Moving to higher density fluids   𝑝= 𝑝0 + 𝜌 𝑔h
allows a table top barometer to be easily constructed.
 Pascal’s Law
• Pressure force is transmitted through a fluid

 Q.A large piston supports a car.

The total mass of the piston and
car is . What force must be F2
A2
A1
applied to the smaller piston ?

Pressure at the same height is the same! (Pascal’s Law)

 𝐹 1𝐹2   𝐴1 𝜋 × 0.152
= 𝐹 1= 𝑚𝑔= ×3200 × 9.8=490 𝑁
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴2 𝜋 × 1.202

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Gauge Pressure

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Gauge Pressure is the pressure difference from atmosphere. (e.g. Tyres)

Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy

Why do some things float and other things sink ?

CFSM/ 1th Lesson
 Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy
Objects immersed in a fluid experience a Buoyant Force!

𝐹
  𝐵=𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑟 𝑔=𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉𝑔

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

𝑊=𝑚𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
  𝑔=𝜌 𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑔

The Buoyant Force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid !

 Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy

The hot-air balloon

floats because the
weight of air displaced
(= the buoyancy force)
is greater than the
weight of the balloon

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

The Buoyant Force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid !

Which of the three cubes of length shown below
 
has the largest buoyant force ?
water stone wood

water FB FB FB

m1 g m2g m3g
A. B. C.

1. Not enough information

CFSM/ 1th Lesson
 Example Archimedes’ Principle and Buoyancy
 Q. Find the apparent weight of a concrete block when you lift it
under water,
Evaluate
Interpret
Water provides a buoyancy force Fnet  mg  Fb  wapparent
Apparent weight should be less
Fb  mdisp water g   waterVg
Develop
 water mg
wapp  mg 
Fb  con
m  water
 con  wapp  mg (1  )
V  con
CFSM/ 1th Lesson
m 1000
V  60  9.8  (1  )  321 N
 con 2200
w  mg Assess
The Buoyant Force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.
 Floating Objects
Q. If the density of an iceberg is 0.86
that of seawater, how much of an
iceberg’s volume is below the sea?

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦
  𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝐵=𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝑉
  𝑠𝑢𝑏=𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

 𝐹 𝐵=𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑟 𝑔=𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑔

𝐼𝑛
  𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑢𝑚 , 𝐹𝐵=𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑔
 𝐹 𝐵=𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑔= 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑔

  𝑉 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑉 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑔= 𝜌 𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑉 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑔 → = =0.86
𝑉 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝜌 𝑖𝑐𝑒
CFSM/ 1th Lesson
A beaker of water weighs . A block
weighting is suspended in the water by a
  . Does the scale
spring balance reading
read
 

scale

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Centre of Buoyancy

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

The Centre of Buoyancy is given by the Centre of Mass of the displaced

fluid. For objects to float with stability the Centre of Buoyancy must be
above the Centre of Mass of the object. Otherwise Torque yield Tip !
 Fluid Dynamics
Laminar (steady) flow is where each particle in
the fluid moves along a smooth path, and the
paths do not cross.

Streamlines spacing measures velocity and the

flow is always tangential, for steady flow don’t
cross. A set of streamlines act as a pipe for an
incompressible fluid

Non-viscous flow – no internal friction (water

OK, honey not)

Turbulent flow above a critical speed, the paths

become irregular, with whirlpools and paths
crossing. Chaotic and not considered here.

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Eqn.

“The water all has to go somewhere”

The rate a fluid enters a pipe must equal the rate the fluid leaves the pipe.
i.e. There can be no sources or sinks of fluid.

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Eqn.
A1 A2

fluid in  fluid out 

v1 v2
 Q. How much fluid flows across each area in a time :
v2Dt
v1Dt

A1 A2

m   V1   A1 v1t m   V2   A2 v2 t

m continuity eqn : A1v1  A2 v2

flow rate :   Av
t
CFSM/ 1th Lesson
Conservation of Mass: The Continuity Eqn.
Q. A river is 40m wide, 2.2m deep and flows at 4.5 m/s. It passes
through a 3.7-m wide gorge, where the flow rate increases to 6.0
m/s. How deep is the gorge?

 𝐴 2=𝑤 2 𝑑 2

 𝐴 1=𝑤 1 𝑑 1

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
  𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 : 𝐴 1 𝑣 1= 𝐴 2 𝑣 2 → 𝑤 1 𝑑 1 𝑣 1=𝑤 2 𝑑 2 𝑣 2
  𝑤 1 𝑑 1 𝑣 1 40 ×2.2 × 4.5
𝑑 2= = =18 𝑚
𝑤2𝑣 2 3.7 ×6.0
 Conservation of Energy: Bernoulli’s Eqn.
What happens to the energy density of the fluid if I raise the ends ?

v1Dt

y2
y1 v2Dt

Energy per unit p1  12  v12   g y1  p2  12  v22   g y2 const

volume

Total energy per unit volume is

p  12  v 2   g y  const
constant at any point in fluid.

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Conservation of Energy: Bernoulli’s Eqn.
Q. Find the velocity of water leaving a tank through a hole in the
side 1 metre below the water level.

 𝑃 + 1
2
𝜌 𝑣 2 + 𝜌 𝑔h =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

 𝐴𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 : 𝑃=1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 , 𝑣=0 , h=1 𝑚

 𝐴𝑡 𝑡h𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 : 𝑃=1𝑎𝑡𝑚 , 𝑣=? , h=0 𝑚
1
 𝑃 + 𝜌 𝑔h= 𝑃 +
2
𝜌𝑣2

𝑣 =√ 2 𝑔𝑦 =√ 2× 9.8 ×1=4.4 𝑚/𝑠

 

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

Which of the following can be
done to increase the flow rate out
of the water tank ?
h
 

1. Raise the tank

  𝐻
 

2. Reduce the hole size -The problems related with liquid

3. Lower the water level evacuation from a reservoir!!
-Accidents with perforation of
4. Raise the water level vessels with liquid under
pressure
-A nice and simple dissertation
5. None of the above subject!

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

Summary: fluid dynamics
Continuity equation: mass is conserved!
 𝜌 × 𝑣 × 𝐴=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
For liquids:
 𝜌=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 → 𝑣 × 𝐴=𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
(  𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌 , 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 , 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴)

Bernoulli’s equation: energy is conserved!

 𝑃 + 1 𝜌 𝑣 2 + 𝜌 𝑔h =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2

(  𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃 , 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌 , 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣 , h𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 h)

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Bernoulli’s Effect and Lift

Newton’s 3rd law

 𝑃 + 1 𝜌 𝑣 2 + 𝜌 𝑔𝑦 =𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (air pushed downwards)
2

Lift on a wing is often explained in textbooks by Bernoulli’s Principle: the air over the
top of the wing moves faster than air over the bottom of the wing because it has
further to move (?) so the pressure upwards on the bottom of the wing is smaller than
the downwards pressure on the top of the wing.

Is that convincing? So why can a plane fly upside down?

CFSM/ 1th Lesson

 Lesson Summary
• Density and Pressure describe bulk fluid behaviour
• Pressure in a fluid is the same for points at the same height
• In hydrostatic equilibrium, pressure increases with depth due to gravity
• The buoyant force is the weight of the displaced fluid
• Fluid flow conserves mass (continuity eq.) and energy (Bernoulli’s equation)
• A constriction in flow is accompanied by a velocity and pressure change.
• Reread, Review and Reinforce concepts and techniques of this lesson
References
Dobre T., Floarea O., Momentum Transfer (Transferul Cantitatii de Miscare),
Matrix Rom, Bucuresti, 1997
Bratu Em.A., Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering (Operatii Unitare in
Ingineria Chimica), Vol 1, Ed. Tehnica, Bucuresti, 1984
CFSM/ 1th Lesson