Database Management System

Dr . Venkatesulu Dondeti
Professor
Department of CSE, VFSTR.

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 Database Schema and Instance

 Database schema describes entities, attributes,

relationships, constraints, storage structure
and access methods
 It undergoes changes infrequently
 Database instance or database state represents
the data present in the database at a given
instant in time.
 It undergoes changes very frequently
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 Architecture of a Database system

 Is there any database system architecture that

helps to achieve and visualize the following
characteristics of database approach ?
1. Self describing nature of a database system
2. Insulation between programs and Data
3. Support for multiple user views

 ANSI-SPARC Architecture

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 ANSI/SPARC Architecture

 ANSI/SPARC proposed a three level or

3 - schema Architecture to a database system

 Separates the user applications from the

physical database.

 Describes database system at 3 - levels

 Internal level - Internal Schema

 Conceptual level - Conceptual Schema
 External level - External Schema
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 Three-Level/Schema Architecture

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 Internal Schema

Internal schema describes the details of

data storage and access paths.
E.g. Multi-level indexing, B-Trees, B+ Trees

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 Conceptual Schema

 Conceptual schema describes entities, data types of

Attributes, Relationships, User operations and
Constraints
 It describes the representational data models
(relational, network and hierarchical models)
 It changes whenever database expands or reduces or
constraints changes
 It hides the details of storage structure and access
methods

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 External Schema

 External level has one or more external schemas

or user views

 Each external schema describes a part of the

database that a particular user-group is interested

 It hides remaining part of the database from that

user group

 Underlying representational model in the external

schema may be the one used in conceptual schema
or different
.

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 Database System Architecture

 Architecture hides the details of how data

is physically stored on a computer system
and accessed.

 Hides constraints, structure of data.

relationships from end-users

 Hides some part of the entire database

from each-user group.

 Architecture enables a database admin to

change the storage structure of the
database, logical structure and external
view of database without affecting the
current users of the system
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 Data Independence

In traditional file processing:

Structure of data in a file is embedded in the

application programs

Changes to the structure of a data makes all

the application programs that access the file
to undergo a change.

E.g. Program is written in a such a way that

it accesses only STUDENT records

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 Data Independence

 Addition of new attribute to the Student

record such as, date of birth, makes the
structure different

 Existing application programs becomes

invalid.

All programs that accesses student records

need to be modified

 New structure need to be embedded in the

programs that accesses

 No Data Independence
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 Data Independence

 DBMS separates structure of data

from access programs.

 DBMS stores structure of data

in a special file called, catalog or
data dictionary.

 Database access programs do not

include the structure of data.

 Database access programs are

independent of changes to the
structure of data.
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 Data Independence – 3 Schema Architecture

 How Data independence is achieved

in Three-schema architecture

Three Schema Architecture supports

two types of data independence

 Physical data independence

 Logical data independence.

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 Physical data independence

 What is physical data

independence?

 Ability to change the physical

storage structures, access methods or
devices with out any change in the
conceptual schema. 

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 Physical data independence

 Changes to internal schema:

 Using a new storage device to store

database

 Changes in the data organization

and access method in the database.

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 Logical data independence

 What is logical data independence ?

 Ability to change the conceptual

schema
without changing
 External schema
 User Programs

 Changes made will be reflected in

the mappings between external and
conceptual levels.
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 Logical data independence

Conceptual schema undergoes a

change:
 Addition of a new attribute
 Modify an existing attribute
 Removal of an existing attribute
 Addition of a new entity
 Removal of an existing entity

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 Logical data independence

 Addition of a new constraint

 Removal of an existing constraint
 Modify an existing constraint
 Without affecting External schema
or Programs

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 Database System

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 DBMS Architecture

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 Query Processor Component

Query Processor components include:

DDL interpreter:
 It interprets DDL statements and
converts them in to a set of tables.
 Stores definitions of tables in the data
dictionary
DML compiler:
 It translates DML statements into low-
level instructions.
 Low-level instructions will be understood
by the Query Evaluation Engine.
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 Query Processor

 Optimizes the DML statements for

efficient execution by the Query
Evaluation Engine.

 Query evaluation engine

 It executes low-level instructions

generated by the DML compiler and
produces results.

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 Storage Manager component

It includes :
 Authorization and integrity manager
• It tests for the fulfilment of integrity
constraints and checks the authority of
users to access data.
 Transaction manager

• Thiscomponent ensures that concurrent

transactions proceed without conflict and
the database remains in a consistent
(correct) state despite system failures.
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 Storage Manager

 File manager:
• It allocates or de-allocates disk-space for
the storage of database files.
 Buffer manager
• Fetches data from disk storage into main
memory buffers for processing, and then
writes the updated data back onto the
disk.
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 Disk Storage Component

The Disk storage component includes:

 Data file
• Stores the database files.
 Data dictionary
 It is a metadata file,
 It stores the database schema.

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 Disk Storage

Indices
 Index enables to access data items faster
e.g. Index page in a textbook contains keyword
and the page number
 Database index provides pointers(addresses) to the
blocks that contains the required data item.

Statistical data:
 Stores the statistical information about processing
of previous queries.

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 Database System Environment

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