Elements and Data

types
Mark Kenneth Dionisio
Elements of a C Program
/* My first program in C */

Program Comments / Comments #include<stdio.h>

The characters /* and */ mark the start and end of the program #include<conio.h>
comment. Aswith any programming language, program comments are
used to put clarificatory notes within the program code, and are main()
ignored by the compiler. Program comments may be used anywhere in {
the program, and may be of any length. However, the programmer printf(“Hello World”);
should check that no part of the actual code is in between the /* and */ getch();
characters so that it will not be ignored by the compiler. In compilers
that support both C and C++, the double forward-slash (//) is also used Return 0;
for comments. The comments, however, extend only from the double }
slash at the end of the line. //end of program

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Elements of a C Program
/* My first program in C */

Preprocessor directives #include<stdio.h>

This C program starts with #include <stdio.h>. This line is called a #include<conio.h>
preprocessor directive and it will include the "standard I/O library"
into your program. The standard I/O library lets you read input from main()
the keyboard (called "standard in"), write output to the screen (called {
"standard out"), process text files stored on the disk, and so on. It is an printf(“Hello World”);
extremely useful library. Another header file is the <conio.h>, which getch();
is used for screen handling functions. The getch() function located at
the bottom part of the program uses this header file. C has a large Return 0;
number of standard libraries like stdio, including string, time, and }
math libraries. A library is simply a package of code that someone else //end of program
has written to make your programming easier.

3
Elements of a C Program
/* My first program in C */

Main function #include<stdio.h>

The line main() declares the main function. Every C program must #include<conio.h>
have a function named main somewhere in the code. At run time,
program execution starts at the first line of the main function. main()
{
printf(“Hello World”);
getch();

Return 0;
}

//end of program

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Elements of a C Program
/* My first program in C */

Curly braces #include<stdio.h>

In C, the { and } symbols mark the beginning and end of a block of #include<conio.h>
code. In this case, the block of code making up the main function
contains three lines. The first line (clrscr( );) is used to clear the main()
screen. {
printf(“Hello World”);
getch();

return 0;
}

//end of program

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Elements of a C Program
/* My first program in C */

Display / Output function #include<stdio.h>

The printf statement in C allows you to send output to standard out #include<conio.h>
(for us, the screen). The text to be printed is enclosed in double-quotes
("This is the output of my first C program.\n"). The \n at the end of the main()
text tells the program to print a newline as part of the output. {
printf(“Hello World”);
getch();

return 0;
}

//end of program

6
Elements of a C Program
/* My first program in C */

Getch () function #include<stdio.h>

The getch( ) function; a line that reads a character from the keyboard #include<conio.h>
without echo on the on-screen and does not wait for carriage return.
More uses of getch( ) and other user inputs will be discussed later. main()
{
printf(“Hello World”);
getch();

return 0;
}

//end of program

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Elements of a C Program
/* My first program in C */

return 0; #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Terminates the main() function and returns the value 0.
main()
{
printf(“Hello World”);
getch();

return 0;
}

//end of program

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Elements of a C Program
/* My first program in C */

Semicolons #include<stdio.h>
In a C program, the semicolon is a statement terminator. That is, each #include<conio.h>
individual statement must be ended with a semicolon. It indicates the
end of one logical entity. main()
{
printf(“Hello World”);
getch();

return 0;
}

//end of program

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 Data Types and Variables
Data Types

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{ clrscr();
int FirstNumber;
printf(“Hello World”);
scanf(“%d”, &FirstNumber);
printf(“Your chosen number is %d, FirstNumber);

return 0;
}

//end of program
 Data Types and Variables
Variables
In C, a variable must be declared before it can be
used. Variables can be declared at the start of any
#include<stdio.h> block of code, but most are found at the start of
#include<conio.h> each function. Most local variables are created
main()
when the function is called, and are destroyed on
{ clrscr(); return from that
int FirstNumber; function.
printf(“Enter first number”);
scanf(“%d”, &FirstNumber);
printf(“Your chosen number is %d, FirstNumber);

return 0;
}

//end of program
 Data Types and Variables

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{ clrscr();
int FirstNumber;
printf(“Hello World”);
scanf(“%d”, &FirstNumber);
printf(“Your chosen number is %d, FirstNumber);

return 0;
}

//end of program