Amity School of Engineering and Technology

Introduction to Computer
 Amity School of Engineering and Technology

Course Title: Introduction to Computers and

Programming in C

Course Level: UG Course Code: ES 202

Credit Units: 2 L+ 2 P/S=3 Credit

Pre-requisites: Basic knowledge of Computers

 Course Objectives

The objective of this course module is to acquaint

the students with the basics of computers system, its
components, data representation inside computer and
to get them familiar with various important features
of procedure oriented programming language i.e. C.
This Course guides the students to read, write and
modify C programs and to implement basic projects
 Course Syllabus

Module I: Introduction  
Introduction to computer, history, von-Neumann architecture, memory  
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system (hierarchy, characteristics and types), H/W concepts (I/O
Devices), S/W concepts (System S/W & Application S/W, utilities). Data
Representation: Number systems, character representation codes, Binary,
octal, hexadecimal and their interconversions. Binary arithmetic, floating
point arithmetic, signed and unsigned numbers, Memory storage unit.

Module II: Programming in C

History of C, Introduction of C, Basic structure of C program, Concept of 20
variables, constants and data types in C, Operators and expressions:
Introduction, arithmetic, relational, Logical, Assignment, Increment and
decrement operator, Conditional, bitwise operators, Expressions, Operator
precedence
and associativity. Managing Input and output Operation, formatting I/O.
 Course Syllabus

   
Module III: Fundamental Features in C
C Statements, conditional executing using if, else, nesting of if, switch and 20
break Concepts of loops, example of loops in C using for, while and do-
while, continue and break. Storage types (automatic, register etc.),
predefined processor, Command Line Argument.
Module IV : Arrays and Functions  
One dimensional arrays and example of iterative programs using arrays, 2-D   20
arrays Use in matrix computations. Concept of Sub-programming, functions
Example of user defined functions. Function prototype, Return values and
their types, calling function, function argument, function with variable
number of argument, recursion
Module V: Advanced features in C 25
Pointers, relationship between arrays and pointers Argument passing using
pointers, Array of pointers. Passing arrays as arguments. Strings and C
string library. Structure and Union. Defining C structures, Giving values to
members, Array of structure, Nested structure, passing strings as
arguments. File Handling.
 Course Learning Outcome
• On completion of the course students will be able to
• Demonstrate the knowledge of Computer Science Basics
• Understand the basic programming constructs of C
• Apply Control Structures in C Programming Language
• Design applications using arrays and functions
• Able to create / manipulate data files and developing
applications for real world problems.
 
 Assessment/ Examination Scheme

Theory L/T (%) Lab/Practical/Studio Total

(%)

67 33 100

7
 Theory Assessment (L&T)

Components Attendance Clas Home End Term

s Assignment QUIZ
(Drop down) Test Examination

Weightage (%) 5 15 10 1 60
0

8
 Lab/ Practical Assessment

Continuous End Term

Assessment/Interna
l Assessment 40 Examination
Components
(Drop Performance Lab viva Attendance VIVA VOCE PRACTICAL
Record 30
down) 30
Weightage
15 10 10 5 60
(%)

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 Introduction to Computer
• Computer is an integral part of our day to day life.

• Meaning of the computer is a device that can calculate.

• But the modern computer can do a lot more then

calculation.

• Computer is an electronic device that receive input ,

stores or processes the input as per user instruction and
provides output in desired format.
 Introduction to Computer
INPUT Process output

• Computer input is called data.

• Output obtained after processing data based on
user’s instructions is called information.
• Raw fact and figures which can be processed
using arithmetic and logical operations to obtain
information are called data.
• Processes that can be applied to data can be two
type
– Arithmetic Operation
– Logical operation
 Block Diagram of Computer

ARITHMETIC
LOGIC UNIT

INPUT CONTROL OUTPUT

UNIT UNIT UNIT

MEMORY
UNIT
 Component of Computer

•INPUT UNIT: Devices used to input data and

instructions.

•OUTPUT UNIT: Devices used to provide information

to the user in desired format.

•CONTROL UNIT: All devices or parts of computer

interact through the control unit.
 Component of Computer

•ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT: All arithmetic

operation and logical operations take place through this
unit.

•MEMORY UNIT: All input data ,information and data

interim to the processes are store in the memory. Memory
of two type-
– primary memory
– secondary memory
 Component of Computer

• Control unit, arithmetic logic unit and memory are

together called the central processing unit or CPU.

• Computer devices that we can see and touch are

the hardware components of a computer.

• Set of instruction or programs that make the

computer function using these hardware point are
called software.
 Characteristic of Computer

•SPEED: Typically a computer can carry out 3-4

million instruction per second.

•ACCURACY: Computers exhibits a very high

degree of accuracy. Errors that may occur are usually
due to human errors.

•RELIABILITY: Computer can carry out same type

of work repeatedly without throwing up errors due to
tiredness or boredom.
 Characteristic of Computer

•VERSATILITY: Computer can carry out a wide

range of work.

•STORAGE CAPACITY: Computer can store a

very large amount of data at a fraction of cost of
traditional storage of files.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of
using Computer
Advantage:
•Computer can do the same task repetitively with
same accuracy.
•Computer do not get tired and bored
•Computer can take up routine tasks while releasing
human resource for more intelligent function.
Disadvantages :
•Computer have no intelligence 
•Regular electric power supply is required.
•Trained people required to work on computers.
 History of Computers
• First Generation: (1942-1954)
– Vacuum tube technology
– Unreliable
– Very costly
– Generate lot of heat
– Huge size
– Need AC
– Supported machine language only
– Consumed lot of electricity
Example: ENIAC,EDVAV,IBM-701,IBM-650
 History of Computers
• Second Generation: (1952-1964)
– Use of transistors
– Reliable as compared to first generation
– Smaller size as compare to first generation
– Generate less heat as compare to first generation
– Consumed less electricity as compare to first generation
– Faster as compare to first generation
– Still very costly
– Need AC
– Supported machine language and assembly language
Example: IBM-1620,IBM-7094
 History of Computers
• Third Generation: (1964-1972)
– IC used
– More Reliable
– Smaller size
– Generate less heat
– Consumed less electricity
– Faster
– Still costly
– Need AC
– Supported high level language
– Example: IBM-360 series ,Honeywell-600
 History of Computers
• Forth Generation: (1972-1990)
– VLSI
– More Reliable
– Smaller size
– Use of PC’s
– Pipeline processing
– Concept of internet and network was introduced
– Very cheap
– No AC needed
– Computer become easily available
– Example: DEC-10, STAR-1000, CARY (super
computer)
 History of Computers

• Fifth Generation: (1990 – till date)

– ULSI
– C,C++, JAVA, .NET
– Development of AI
– Development of NLP
– Advancement in parallel processing
– More user-friendly interface with multimedia feature
– Example: Desktop, laptop, notebook.
 Von-Neuman Architecture
– Almost all computer design are based on the concepts
developed by John Von Neuman. Such design are
referred to as Von Neuman architecture.

– The 3 main Concept:

• Data and instructions are stored in a single read write memory.

• The contents of this memory are addressable by location

irrespective of the type of data or instruction present there.

• Execution occurs in the sequential manner from one

instruction to the next unless changed explicitly.
Von-Neuman Architecture
Memory Hierarchy
Types of Memory
 Characteristics of Memory
Capacity : It is the global volume of information the memory can
store. As we move from top to bottom in the Hierarchy, the capacity
increases.

Access Time: It is the time interval between the read/write request

and the availability of the data. As we move from top to bottom in the
Hierarchy, the access time increases.

Performance: Earlier when the computer system was designed

without Memory Hierarchy design, the speed gap increases between
the CPU registers and Main Memory due to large difference in access
time. This results in lower performance of the system and thus,
enhancement was required.
 Characteristics of Memory

This enhancement was made in the form of Memory Hierarchy

Design because of which the performance of the system increases.
One of the most significant ways to increase system performance is
minimizing how far down the memory hierarchy one has to go to
manipulate data.

Cost per Bit: As we move from bottom to top in the Hierarchy, the
cost per bit increases i.e. Internal Memory is costlier than External
Memory.
 I/O Devices

– Input/output devices are capable of sending data (output) to a

computer and receiving data from a computer (input).
Example:

– CD-R/RW, DVD, and Blu-ray drive
– Digital camera
– Hard drives
– Modem
– Network adapter
– SD Card
– Touch screen
– USB thumb drives
– Printer
 Type of Software

System Software: Software which require H/W parts of the

computer and application software to run.
– Acts as interface between hardware and user application
– Interface is needed because hardware devices or machine and
human speck in different languages.
– English is the pre-dominating language of interacting with
computers.
– System software convert all human instructions into machine
understandable instruction.
– Type of System Software:
• Operating system
• Language Processor
• Device Drivers
 Operating System

Operating System: System software responsible for functioning of

all hardware parts and their inter operativity to carry out task
successfully.

– First software to be loaded in computer memory

– Manages a computer’s basic functions like storing data in the

memory , retrieving files from the storage device, schedule tasks
based on priority.

Language Processor: Convert all user instructions into machine

understandable language.
 Language Processor
In terms of human machine interaction, languages are of three types:

– Machine Level Language: A string of 0s and 1s that the

machine can understand.

– Assembly Level Language: Define Mnemonics

– High Level Language : User English like statement and it is

completely independent of machine
Program written in high level programming language like JAVA, C+
+, etc. is called source code
Set of instructions in machine readable form is called object code or
machine code.
System software that converts source code to object code is called
language processor.
 Language Processor
Three types of language interpreters:
• Assemble: Convert high level program into machine level language.

• Interpreter: Convert high level program into machine level program

but line by line

• Compiler: Convert high level program into machine level program at

one go rather then line by line.
 Device Drivers

• System software that controls and monitors the

functioning of a specific device on computer.

• Each device that needs to be attached externally to

the system has a specific driver associated with it.

• When you attach a new device , you need to install

its driver so that the OS knows how it need to be
managed
 Application Software

• A software that performed a single task.

• Here are some commonly used application
software:
– Word Processing
– Spread Sheet
– Presentation
– Database Management
– Multimedia tools
 References
 ANSI 89 – American National Standards Institute, American
National Standard for Information Systems Programming
Language C, 1989.
 Kernighan 78 – B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, The C
Programming Language, Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ,
1978. Second edition, 1988.
 Thinking 90 – C* Programming Guide, Thinking Machines
Corp. Cambridge Mass., 1990.
 Programming in ANSI C, E. Balagurusamy. McGrawHill
 Let Us C, Yashvant Kanetkar, BPB Publications
 Programming in C, Reema Thareja, Oxford University Press

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Thank You