DET10013 & ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 2:
DC Equivalent Circuit
& Network Theorem

Edited By:
ZULKURNAIN BIN ABDUL HAMID
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME
CLO1 :
Apply the concept and principles of the related electrical circuit
theorems and law to solve DC electrical circuit using various
method and approachSolve DC circuit problems using
appropriate DC electrical laws and theorems (C3, PLO 1)
CLO2 :
Construct DC circuit and measure related electrical parameters
using appropriate electrical equipment (P4, PLO 5)
CLO3 :
Demonstrate ability to work in team to complete assigned tasks
within the stipulated time frame (A3, PLO 9)
 TOPIC TITLE (F2F)
CHAPTER TITLE F2F
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC 8
CIRCUIT
2.0 DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND 6
NETWORK THEOREMS
3.0 CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE 5
4.0 INDUCTORS AND INDUCTANCE 5
5.0 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT, 2.5
ELECTROMAGNETISM AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
 LEARNING OUTCOME (1 Hour)

2.1 Understand methods of analysis for resistive circuit.

2.1.1 Differentiate between nodes and mesh.

2.2 Understand Kirchoff’s Current Law and Kirchoff’s

Voltage Law.
2.2.1 Explain Kirchoff’s Current Law and Kirchoff’s
Voltage Law.
 Solving Equations with Two Unknowns

• aI 
1 + bI2 = y ------ Equ. 1
cI1 + dI2 = z ------ Equ. 2

Steps:
1) Write in matrix form * =
2) Calc. common determinant, ∆ = = ad – bc

3) Calculate determinant of I1, ∆1 = = yd - bz

4) Calculate determinant of I2, ∆2 = = az - yc

5) Apply Cramer’s Rule :

I1 = = I2 = =
 NODES

1. A node is the point of b

connection between a
two or more branches
2. A node usually
indicated by a dot in a
circuit.
3. The circuit in given
figure has three nodes c
a, b, c
 MESH
1. A mesh is a simplest possible closed path.
2.In Figure 2.2, path abefa and bcdeb are
meshes, but path abcdefa is not a mesh
3. The current through a mesh is known as
mesh current
 MESH
b c
a

Mesh 1 Mesh 2

f e d

Figure 2.2: Different mesh in one circuit

 Kirchoff’s Current Law (K.C.L.)
Junction (node)
• In any electrical
I1 circuit, the total
I5
current leaving a
I2 I4
I3 junction(node) is
equal to the total
R
E E R R current entering that
junction.
 
=
I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (K.C.L.)
Example 2.1
DETERMINE the current flowing through 8 kΩ resistor in
the diagram by using Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL). [C4] -
CLO2
Answer:
 
=

2.01m = 126µ + 379µ + I

I = 2.01m - 126µ - 379µ
 ∴ I = 1.505mA
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (K.V.L.)
+ V1 - + V -
•• In
3

E1
+
-
  any closed loop (mesh)
Mesh
Mesh + + of an electrical circuit,
1 E3 - 2 V4
+ -
the algebraic sum of the
E2 - - V2 + - V5 + e.m.f.s in the loop is
equal to the algebraic
sum of voltage drops in
Mesh 1 that loop.
E1 + E2 – E3 = V1 + V2 =

Mesh 2
E3 = V3 + V4 + V5
 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (K.V.L.)
Example 2.2
DETERMINE the voltage drop at resistor R1 in diagram as
below by using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). [C4] - CLO2

Answer:
 
=

12 - 5 = VR1 +1.472+2.208
+525.394m+1.667
VR1 = 7 – 5.872
∴VR1 = 1.128 V
 
 LEARNING OUTCOME (2 Hours)

2.3 Apply Kirchoff’s Current Law and Kirchoff’s Voltage

Law in a DC circuit.
2.3.1 Draw circuit diagram to explain Kirchoff’s Law.
2.3.2 Solve unknown currents and voltages in a
circuit.
2.4 Apply nodal and mesh analysis for resistive circuit.
2.4.1 Solve unknown currents and voltages in a
circuit.
 Kirchoff’s Law (K.C.L. & K.V.L.)
Example 2.3
Calculate currents flow throughout the whole circuit.

8Ω 8Ω

+
10V -
4Ω 6Ω
+
5V -

2Ω 4Ω
 Kirchoff’s Law (Example 2.3)
1. Form KCL Equation:
8Ω I2 8Ω  
I1 =
+ - I3 + -
+ I1 = I2 + I3 1
10V - Mesh + Mesh +
2. Form KVL Equation:
1 4Ω 2 6Ω  
+ - - =
5V - - + - + Mesh 1: 10 + 5 = (8 + 2) I1 + 4I3 2
Mesh 2: 0 = (8 + 6 + 4) I2 - 4I3
2Ω 4Ω 1 3
QUESTION: Calculate currents flow 2 3
throughout the whole circuit?
Attention! Here you can use any suitable simultaneous
SOLUTION STEPS equation method like substitution method, elimination
method and matrix Cramer rule
1. Form KCL Equation
2. Form KVL Equations
3. Solve KVL Equations
4. Solve KCL Equation
 Mesh Analysis

 
According to K.V.L we
know that for one
closed loop, the total
e.m.f. is equal to the
total voltage drop.
=

E1 + E2 = VR1 + VR2 + VR3

 Mesh Analysis
•  
Solution Steps
6Ω • Identify amount of loop.
IT • Make assumption of mesh
current direction of each loop.
Label the meshes same with
10V Mesh 4Ω the branch current
IT • Form mathematical formula
regarding
2Ω
=

• Solve any problems given using

the mesh current values.
 Mesh Analysis
Example 2.4: Solution:
6Ω
IT • Identify num. of loop = 1
• Mesh current = IT
 •
Mesh Form Equation:
10V 4Ω
IT =
10 = 6IT + 4IT + 2IT
2Ω  •
Solve problem:
QUESTION: Calculate IT using mesh IT = 0.833A
analysis technique.
 Mesh Analysis (Example 2.4)
1. Form KCL Equation:
8Ω I2 8Ω  
I1 =
I3
+ I1 = I2 + I3 1
10V - Mesh Mesh 2. Form KVL Equation:
 
I1 4Ω I2 6Ω =
+
5V - Mesh I1: 10 + 5 = (8 + 4 + 2) I1 - 4I2 2
Mesh I2: 0 = (8 + 6 + 4 + 4) I2 - 4I1 3
2Ω 4Ω
QUESTION: Calculate currents flow
throughout the whole circuit?

SOLUTION STEPS

1. Form KCL Equation

2. Form KVL Equations
3. Solve KVL Equations
4. Solve KCL Equation
 Nodal Analysis
According to K.C.L., the
total sum of current
Node A
entering a node is equal
I1 I2
to the current leaving
I3
that node.
 
=

I 1 = I 2 + I3
 Nodal Analysis
According to previous topic, current can only flows
through a resistor if there are potential difference
between it’s two point.

VA R I VB
+
Vdrop-

Voltage Drop, Vdrop = V - VB

A drop = V - VB
From Ohm’s Law; Current, I = V

R A R
 Nodal Analysis
Solution Steps:
• Identify number of nodes.
6Ω VA 4Ω
• State the reference point &
label them as 0V.
• Label other recognized nodes.
• Label the unknown nodes
2Ω
10V • Label currents involved at the
unknown nodes.
• Form mathematical formula
ref according to K.C.L.
 
=
• Solve any problems given
regarding node voltage
obtained.
 Nodal Analysis
Solution:
Example 2.5:
• Identify num. of node = 6
10V 6Ω VA
4Ω 0V • Assign reference nodes &
label them.(0V)
I1 I2
• Label other recognized
I3
2Ω
node = 10V
10V • Label unknown node = VA
• Label current and form
0V
Ref
0V
K.C.L. : I1 = I2 + I3
(0V)
• Determine VA :
 
QUESTION: Determine each node
voltage of the circuit above? = +
VA = 1.818V
 SELF-EXERCISE
 
Calculate node for the circuit below. Then determine .

 𝑉 𝑥
= 2.829 V
 𝐼 𝐿 ANSWER
= 12.859 mA
ANSWER
 SELF-EXERCISE
 
Calculate by using Mesh analysis technique.

 𝑉 𝑥

 𝐼 𝐿

= ANSWER
5.803 mA
 SELF-EXERCISE
 
1) Calculate currents flow throughout the whole circuit by
using Kirchhoff’s Law / Mesh Analysis

= 1.276 A
ANSWER

70Ω ANSWER
= 0.414 A

ANSWER
= 0.862 A
 SELF-EXERCISE
 
2) Calculate currents by using Kirchhoff’s Law / Mesh
Analysis

IA =ANSWER
1.647 mA

=ANSWER
1.471 mA

= ANSWER
- 0.176 mA
 SELF-EXERCISE
 
3) Calculate currents by using Kirchhoff’s Law / Mesh
Analysis

= - ANSWER
11.818 mA

= - ANSWER
19.091 mA

= ANSWER
- 7.273 mA
 LEARNING OUTCOME (1 Hour)
2.5 Understand Thevenin’s Theorem.
2.5.1 Explain Thevenin’s Theorem.
2.5.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using Thevenin’s
Theorem.

2.6 Apply Thevenin’s Theorem to simplify a circuit for analysis.

2.6.1 Construct the Equivalent Thevenin’s Circuit.
2.6.2 Calculate the Thevenin’s voltage (VTH) and resistance
(RTH).
2.6.3 Solve the circuit problems using Thevenin’s Theorem.
 Thevenin’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single voltage source with a series resistance

R1
Thevenin’s Voltage, VTH is
R2
A
the open circuit voltage
+ at terminal A-B

VTH
E R3

-
B
 Thevenin’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single voltage source with a series resistance

R1 R2
A
+

Thevenin’s Resistance, RTH is the

E R3 RTH
resistance seen at A-B with all
voltage sources are replaced by
- short circuits and all current
B sources are replaced by open
circuits.
Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

RTH

VTH

B
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 IL

E R2 RL

QUESTION: Calculate the value of current that flows through resistor RL ?

 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 IL

E R2 RL

Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 IL A

E R2 RL

Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 A

E R2 VTH

Step 2: Determine Thevenin’s Voltage, VTH. (VTH is the open circuit voltage across A-B)

 
For this case:
VTH = VR2 = x E
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 A

E R2

RTH
B

Step 3: Determine Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance, RTH (RTH is total resistance as seen
from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit.
 How to Thevenize a circuit
R1 A

E R2

RTH
B

Step 3: Determine Thevenin’s Equivalent Resistance, RTH (RTH is total resistance as seen
from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit.
 
For this case:
RTH =
 How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH A

VTH

B
Step 4: Draw Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit.
 How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH A

VTH
RL

B
Step 5: Connect RL back to the circuit
 How to Thevenize a circuit
RTH
IL

VTH
RL

Step 6: Finally, determine the value of current (IL) flows through RL

 
For this case:
IL = ITH =
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
Example 2.6
Calculate current IL using Thevenin’s Theorem

 
100 100Ω

IL

RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
 
100 100Ω

IL

RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω

 
Remove
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
 
100 100Ω A

12V 220Ω VTH

 Calculate :

  VTH = V220 = x 12 = 8.25 V

 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
E  
100 100Ω A

12V 220Ω VTH

-
RTH
E’ B

 Calculate :

  RTH = + 100 = 168.75 Ω

 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
RTH A

VTH
RL
150Ω

B
Draw Thevenin circuit and place back RL
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
168.75 Ω
IL

8.25V RL
150Ω

Calculate current IL :

IL = ITH = = 25.882 mA
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
Example 2.7
Calculate current IL using Thevenin’s Theorem

 
100 100Ω

IL

12V RL 220Ω 9V
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
 
100 100Ω

IL

12V RL 220Ω 9V

 
Remove
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
 𝐼 𝑆  
100 A 100Ω
+ -
+ +

12V VTH 9V

- -
B

 Calculate :

 = = 15 mA  = 12 – (100 x 15m)
= 10.5 V
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
 
100 A 100Ω

12V RTH 9V

 Calculate :

  RTH = = 50 Ω
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
RTH A

VTH
RL
220Ω

B
Draw Thevenin circuit and place back RL
 Thevenin’s Theorem(Example)
50 Ω
IL

10.5 V RL
220Ω

Calculate current IL :

IL = ITH = = 38.889 mA
 SELF-EXERCISE
 
Calculate currents by using Thevenin’s Theorem

30kΩ A

60kΩ
= 70
ANSWER V

100 V IL 70kΩ = 21 kΩ
RL ANSWER
30kΩ
= ANSWER
630.63 µA
B

R2
 LEARNING OUTCOME (1 Hour)

2.7 Understand Norton’s Theorem.

2.7.1 Explain Norton’s Theorem.
2.7.2 Outline the procedure adopted when using Norton’s
Theorem.

2.8 Apply Norton’s Theorem to simplify a circuit.

2.8.1 Construct the Equivalent Norton’s Circuit
2.8.2 Calculate the Norton’s current (IN) and resistance (RN)
2.8.3 Solve the circuit problems using Norton’s Theorem
 Norton’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single current source with a parallel resistance.

R1 R2
A

Norton’s Current, IN is the

short circuit current that flows
IN
E R3 across A-B

B
 Norton’s Theorem
• It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given
electrical network, as viewed from two output terminals,
by a single current source with a parallel resistance.

R1 R2
A
Norton’s Resistance, RN is the
resistance seen at A-B with all
voltage sources are replaced by
short circuits and all current
R3 RN
E sources are replaced by open
circuits. Same with RTH

B
Norton Equivalent Circuit
A

IN RN

B
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 IL

E R2 RL

QUESTION: Calculate the value of current that flows through resistor RL ?

 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 IL

E R2 RL

Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 IL A

E R2 RL

Step 1: Temporarily remove the resistance (RL) which current (IL) is required
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 A

E R2 IN

Step 2: Determine Norton’s Current, IN by shorting the terminal A-B (IN is the short
circuit current across A-B)
 
For this case:
IN = ISC =
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 A

E R2

RN
B

Step 3: Determine Norton’s Equivalent Resistance, RN (RN is total resistance as seen

from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit. Exactly same with RTH
 How to Nortonize a circuit
R1 A

E R2

RN
B

Step 3: Determine Norton’s Equivalent Resistance, RN (RN is total resistance as seen

from terminal A-B). Don’t forget to replace any voltage source with short circuit and
current source with open circuit. Exactly same with RTH
 
For this case:
RN =
 How to Nortonize a circuit
A

IN RN

B
Step 4: Draw Norton’s Equivalent Circuit.
 How to Nortonize a circuit
A

IN RN RL

Step 5: Connect RL back to the circuit

 How to Nortonize a circuit

IL

IN RN RL

Step 6: Finally, determine the value of current (IL) flows through RL

 
For this case:
IL = x IN
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
Example 2.8
Calculate current IL using Norton’s Theorem

 
100 100Ω

IL

RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
 
100 100Ω

IL

RL
12V 220Ω 150Ω

 
Remove
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
 𝐼 𝑆  
100 100Ω A

12V 220Ω IN

B
 Calculate :
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
E  
100 100Ω A

12V 220Ω

RN
E’ B

 Calculate :
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
A

RL
IN RN 150Ω

B
Draw Norton circuit and place back RL
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)

IL
RL
48.889 mA 168.75Ω 150Ω

Calculate current IL (Use CDR):

 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
Example 2.9
Calculate current IL using Norton’s Theorem

 
100 100Ω

IL

12V RL 220Ω 9V
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
 
100 100Ω

IL

12V RL 220Ω 9V

 
Remove
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
 𝐼 𝑆 1  
100 A 100Ω  𝐼 𝑆 2

12V IN 9V

B
 Calculate :
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
 
100 A 100Ω

12V RN 9V

 Calculate :

  RN = = 50 Ω
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)
A

RL
IN RN 220Ω

B
Draw Norton circuit and place back RL
 Norton’s Theorem(Example)

IL
RL
210 mA 50Ω 220Ω

Calculate current IL (Use CDR):

 SELF-EXERCISE
 
Calculate currents by using Norton’s Theorem

30kΩ A

60kΩ
=ANSWER
3.333 mA

100 V IL ANSWER
= 21 kΩ
70kΩ
30kΩ
=ANSWER
630.63 µA
B

R2
 LEARNING OUTCOME (1 Hour)

2.9 Change Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit to Norton’s Equivalent Circuit and vice
versa
2.9.1 Show the procedure to convert Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit to
Norton’s Equivalent circuit
2.9.2 Show the procedure to convert Norton’s Equivalent Circuit to
Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit
2.9.3 Solve for circuit transformation Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit to
Norton Equivalent circuit and vice versa.
Thevenin – Norton Transformation
RTH A A

VTH
IN RN

B B
 Thevenin – Norton  Norton - Thevenin

= =

= =
Thevenin – Norton Transformation
Example 2.10

Calculate Norton current and Norton resistance if we have

Thevenin Circuit with Thevenin Voltage is 24 V and Thevenin
Resistance is 150 Ω.

 Thevenin to Norton

= = = 160 mA

= = 150 Ω
 SELF-EXERCISE
 
Calculate and of the given Norton circuit

A
ANSWER
= 33 kV

2.2 A 15 kΩ = 15 kΩ
ANSWER

B
 RECAP
To solve unknown current and unknown voltage we
can use different techniques that we had learn in this
topic.
-Kirchoff Voltage Law and Kirchoff Current Law
- Mesh Analysis as simplification method of Kircchoff’s
Law
- Nodal Analysis
-Thevenin’s Theorem
-Norton’s Theorem
 REFERENCES
Main:
Aminah, Zulkurnain, Ja’far and Junaida (2017). Electrical
Technology. Oxford Fajar. (ISBN: 978-983-47-2012-4)

Additional:
1. John Bird (2017). Electrical Circuit Theory & Technology.
Sixth Edition. Newness. (ISBN: 978-0-08-089056-2)
2. Ashby, D. (2012). Electrical Engineering 101. Oxford, United
Kingdom: Elsevier Science & Technology.
 REFERENCES
3. Floyd, T. L. (2019). Principles of Electric Circuits. United
States: Pearson Education (US).
4. Hambley, A. R. (2018). Electrical Engineering: Principles &
Applications, Global Edition. Harlow, United Kingdom:
Pearson Education Limited.
5. Mehta, V. K. (2011). Principles of Electrical Engineering.
New Delhi, India: S Chand & Co Ltd.
6. Theraja, B. (2014). Textbook of Electrical Technology. New
Delhi, India: S Chand & Co Ltd.
7. Wang, M. (2019). Understandable Electric Circuits.
Stevenage, United Kingdom: Institution of Engineering and
Technology.