Industrial Hygiene PPT v-03!01!17 - (LAD-HI)

Introduction to
Industrial Hygiene
10-hour General Industry
Outreach Training
1
PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Industrial Hygiene v.03.01.17 Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Introduction
• Health hazards on the
job site
• Protect yourself;
protect your family
Source: OSHA
2
Introduction
Lesson objectives:
1. Identify types of health hazards in the workplace.
2. Describe strategies to control chemical hazards.
3. Describe strategies to control biological hazards.
4. Describe strategies to control physical hazards.
5. Describe strategies to control ergonomic hazards.
3
Introduction
Industrial Hygiene – the
science of protecting the health
and safety of workers through:
• Anticipation,
• Recognition,
• Evaluation, and
• Control
…of workplace conditions Source: OSHA
that may cause workers’

injury or illness.
4
Types of Health Hazards
Common workplace health hazards:
Chemical Physical
Biological Ergonomic
Source of photos: OSHA
5
Chemical Hazards and Controls
Multiple chemical
Forms hazards
• Solids
• Liquids
• Gases and vapors
• Aerosols - dust, mist, fumes Spraying mist
Welding fumes Dust particulates
6
Effects of chemical exposures:
Health Risks
Heart Ailments Lung Damage Sterility
CNS Damage Kidney Damage Burns
Cancer Liver Damage Rashes
Safety Risks
Fire Explosion Corrosion
7
Exposure entry routes:
Breathed in
Inhalation:
(most common route)
Swallowing via eating

Ingestion:
or drinking
Drawn through skin

Absorption:
or eye surface
Source of graphics: OSHA
Penetration through
*Injection:
the skin
8
Warning Signs of Potential Chemical
Exposure:
• Dust, mist, smoke in the air
• Accumulation of particulates (dust) on
surfaces
• Unusual tastes and/or smells
• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory,
and/or skin irritation
9
Examples of chemical exposure symptoms:
• Eye, nose, throat, upper respiratory, skin irritation
• Flu-like symptoms
• Difficulty breathing
• Fatigue
• Loss of coordination
• Memory difficulties
• Sleeplessness
• Mental confusion
10
Types of health effects:
Exposure Condition Exposure Example
H2S exposure
Short-term, high
ACUTE Immediate within a confined
concentration
space
Delayed; generally Continuous; for
CHRONIC Asbestosis
for years long periods of time
Acute Chronic
Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Source: OSHA
11
What is toxicology?
• The science that studies the poisonous
or toxic properties of substances
Source of graphics: OSHA Hazard Communication Pictograms
12
Toxic effects:
• Dose
1. Concentration – amount
2. Duration of Exposure – time
Source: OSHA
13
• Toxic chemicals disrupt the normal

functions of the body. Effects can
be:
– Local - at the site of exposure
– Systemic
• Affects the entire body
• Target organs - organs or systems where
symptoms of exposure appear
14
Local (direct) effects:

• Irritation (dryness, redness, cracking) -
fiberglass
• Corrosion (chemical burn) - acid
• Upper Respiratory Track Infection – inhaling
particles
Source: Occupational Dermatoses (CDC)
15
Systemic effects:
• Hepatotoxins
– Cause liver damage
– Carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines
• Nephrotoxins
– Cause kidney damage
– Uranium, halogenated hydrocarbons
• Neurotoxins
– Cause nerve damage
– Mercury, lead, carbon disulfide
16
• Hematotoxins
– Cause blood system damage
– Carbon monoxide, cyanides
• Anesthetics
– Depress nervous system
– Hydrocarbons, propane, isopropyl ethers
17
Factors affecting exposures:
• form and innate chemical activity
• dosage, especially dose-time relationship
• exposure route
• age
• sex
• ability of chemical to be absorbed
• metabolism
• distribution within the body
• excretion
• presence of other chemicals
18
Interactions with multiple chemicals:
• Additive effects 2+2=4
• Synergistic effects 2+3>5
• Potentiation effects 2 + 0 > 2
• Antagonistic effects 4 + 6 < 10
19
Hierarchy of control:
Source: OSHA
20
• Elimination and
substitution
Source: OSHA
21
• Engineering controls
– Ventilation – local (hood) / general (dilution)
– Process and equipment modification
– Isolation/automation
Example: Replacing transfer belts with screw

augers on sand movers used in hydraulic
fracturing will help contain sand and reduce
dust release (lowering exposure to silica). Source: NIOSH
22
• Administrative controls
– Establish written
programs & policies
– Training
– Monitor/measure exposure levels
– Inspections and maintenance
– Restricted area signage
– Develop SOPs
23
• PPE
– Respirators
– Gloves
– Safety glasses
– Long clothing
24
Worksite analysis – assessing exposures:
• Air monitoring – personal and area
• Noise monitoring
• Observation – PPE use and work practices
• Ventilation measurements
• Wipe samples – surfaces and personnel
Source: OSHA
25
• PELs, or permissible exposure limits:

– OSHA’s regulations that establish the
acceptable amount or concentration of
a substance in the workplace
– Intended to protect workers from
adverse health effects related to
hazardous chemical exposure
26
Exposure limits:
• TWA = Time - Weighted Average
14
12
PEL
10
T
Expo s ure in PPM
• Levels vary over 8
the shift duration

6
0
8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00
AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM
Time
• These limits protect from chronic diseases
27
“C” = ceiling limit:

• Level never to be exceeded during the work shift
• Protect from acute disease or health effects
60
Ceiling
50
40
Expo s ure
30
20
10 PEL
0
Time
28
Substance-specific standards:
• Established by OSHA to identify specific
requirements
• Potentially exposed workers must be
monitored and protected
Source: NIOSH
29
• Components of substance specific standards:
(in general)
– Air monitoring
– Control of exposure
• Engineering controls
• Work practices
• Respiratory protection
– Medical surveillance / removal (lead)
– Recordkeeping
– Worker training
30
Hexavalent chromium:
• Toxic form of chromium;
• Known to cause cancer
• Compounds are man-made
and widely used
• Major source of exposure Source: OSHA
during “hotwork” on stainless

steel and other alloy steels
containing Cr(VI)
31
Asbestos:
• Mineral fibers – chrysotile, amosie,
crocidolite, tremolite, anthophylite,
actinolite, and chemically treated/
altered forms
• Known carcinogen; Source: OSHA
can cause chronic lung disease, as well as

lung and other cancers
• Used in numerous building materials and vehicle
products
• Exposure potential during construction and ship repair;
as well as manufacturing of products containing asbestos
32
Silica:
• Important industrial material found abundantly
in the earth’s crust; most common form is quartz
• Can cause lung diseases, including silicosis and
lung cancer, as well as kidney disease
• Exposure to respirable crystalline silica
– Inhalation of small particles
in air
– Common with operations
such as cutting, sawing,
and drilling
Source: NIOSH
33
Lead:
• Blue-gray, heavy metal occurring
naturally in Earth’s crust
• Can harm many of the body’s
organ systems; variety of ailments
• Exposure
– Inhalation and/or ingestion of airborne
particles containing lead
– Occurs in most industry sectors, including
manufacturing, wholesale trade, Source of photos: OSHA
transportation, construction, remediation,

and even recreation
34
Welding fumes:
• Content depends on components of
base metal, coatings, and/or filler
materials; and welding temperatures
• Potential health effects
– Acute exposure: eye, nose, and Source: OSHA
throat irritation; dizziness; nausea

– Prolonged exposure: lung damage; various types of
cancer, including lung, larynx, and urinary tract
– Certain fumes and gases can lead to additional health
issues
35
• Exposure to welding fumes
affected by:
– Welding process
– Materials used
– Location (outside, enclosed
space)
– Work practices
– Air movement Source: OSHA
– Use of ventilation
36
Toxic atmospheres:
• Confined spaces – storage tanks, process
vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts,
sewers, underground utility vaults, tunnels,
pipelines, open-top spaces more than 4’ in depth
(pits, tubs, vaults)
• Hazardous atmospheres
– Oxygen-deficient
– Hydrogen sulfide
– Carbon monoxide
Source: OSHA
37
Biological Hazards and Controls
Insects Animals Contaminated Soil
Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: CDC
Poisonous Plants Water/Sewage Bloodborne Pathogens
Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: OSHA
38
• Possible effects of exposure
to biological hazards:
• Mild, allergic reactions
• Serious medical conditions
• Death
• Most virulent and prevalent
biological agents
39
Protection against biological hazards:
• Practice universal precaution with:
– Blood
– Bodily fluids
• Practice personal hygiene
• Provide proper first aid
– Cuts/Scratches
• Vaccinations
• Wear proper PPE/clothing
40
• Practice precaution with:
– Animals
– Insects
• Use insect repellent
• Provide proper ventilation or
other appropriate environmental
Certain species of fruit bats are thought to be the
natural reservoir for Ebola virus. EHF outbreaks
are believed to start as a result of contact with
controls
infected animals or animal carcasses.
Source: OSHA; photo courtesy of National Park
Service, U.S. Dept. of Interior.
The best way to protect yourself from Zika, as well

as other mosquito-borne illnesses, is to prevent
mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing
long sleeves and pants, and reducing mosquito
breeding grounds, such as standing water. Source:
OSHA; photos courtesy of CDC.
41
Physical Hazards and Controls
Types of physical hazards:
Temperature Vibration
Radiation Noise
42
Effects of exposure to physical hazards:
Temperature Radiation Vibration Noise
Rash; Cramps Burns Fatigue Interferences
Exhaustion Sickness Strains Stress
Stroke Aging Carpal Tunnel Tinnitus
Hypothermia Cancer HAVS Headaches
Frostbite DNA Mutations Raynaud’s Hearing Loss
43
Exposure to heat:
Health
Cause Symptoms
Effects
Red cluster of bumps/blisters;
Rash; Cramps Heavy sweating
Muscle pains or spasms
Dizziness, light-headedness,
Loss of body
Exhaustion weakness, heavy sweating, pale
fluids/salts
skin, sick to stomach
≥104F body temperature. Red,
Rapid body
Stroke hot, dry skin; dizziness;
temperature rise
confusion; unconscious
44
OSHA’s Heat
Safety Tool
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/heatillness/heat_index/heat_app.html
45
Protection against heat:
Engineering Administrative PPE
• Air conditioning • Emergency plan • Insulated PPE, in
• Ventilation • Acclimatization some work places
• Cooling fans • Adequate water • Thermal clothing
• Local exhaust • Work/rest cycles (cool vests)
ventilation • Avoid hottest times;
• Reflective shields adjust work demands
• Insulation • Rotate job functions
• Eliminate steam • Buddy system
leaks • Monitoring
Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible
46
Exposure to cold:
Health
Cause Symptoms
Effects
Uncontrolled shivering; slurred
Body temperature
Hypothermia speech; memory loss;
drops ≤95F
blue/purple skin
Pale, cold, waxy-white skin;
Frostbite Exposed to ≤0F air
tingling; stinging
47
Protection against cold:
• Heaters • Warm liquids • Layered clothing
• Shield work areas • Adjust work schedule • Hat or hood, face
(windbreaks) • Buddy system cover, gloves
• Monitoring • Clothing out of
• Frequent breaks in fabric that retains
warm areas insulation even
• Acclimatization when wet
• Insulated and
waterproof boots
48
Exposure to radiation:
Source: OSHA
49
Protection against radiation:
• Enclose/Shield work • Clearly mark • RF/MW protective
areas to minimize controlled spaces suits, including head
stray radiation • Minimize exposure and eye protection
• Interlocked doors on times • Safety glasses,
devices that can • Location/ goggles, welding
produce acute installation of helmets, or welding
thermal injuries devices face shields with
• Remote operation of • Proper appropriate filter
radiation-producing maintenance lenses
devices
50
Exposure to vibration:
Early Signs and Later Signs and
Health Effects
Symptoms Symptoms
• Circulatory • Intermittent • Loss of sense of touch;
disturbances, tingling of one or numbness
such as VWF and more fingers • Blanching of entire fingers
HAVS • Blanching of • Loss of grip strength
• Sensory nerve fingertips • Sever pain
damage • Pain in fingers • Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Muscle, bone, • Pain and loss of strength in
and joint injury arms
• Loss of finger dexterity or
coordination
51
Protection against vibration:

• Vibration reduction • Proper positioning • Anti-vibration
equipment and grip; let the gloves
• Vibration dampeners machine do the work
or shields to isolate • Job rotation
source of vibration • Limit duration of task
from employee • Proper maintenance
52
Exposure to noise:
Health Effects Signs and Symptoms
• Tinnitus • Ears feel stuffed up
• Permanent hearing loss • Ringing in the ears
• Physical stress • Limited ability to hear high frequency
• Psychological stress sounds, understand speech, and
communicate
53
• Noise – prolonged
exposures to
85 dB can lead to
hearing loss
Source: OSHA
54
Protection against noise:
• Use low-noise tools and • Increase distance • Ear plugs
machinery between source • Ear muffs
• Place a barrier between and worker • Hearing bands
noise source and worker • Alter work
• Enclose or isolate noise schedule
• Weld parts rather than • Limit time of noise
rivet exposure
• Use acoustical materials • Provide quiet
• Install silencers, areas for breaks
mufflers, or baffles
55
• When to wear hearing protection
– Noise or sound level exceeds 90 dBA (OSHA)
– Recommended when exceeds 85 dBA (NIOSH)
• What to wear
– Personal comfort preference
– Long-term/Single use (plugs)
– Short-term/On and off (muffs)
– Consider NRR
56
Dual hearing protection:
Formable Ear Plugs Earmuffs

Listed NRR = 29 Listed NRR = 16
Adjusted NRR (29 – 7) = 22 Adjusted NRR for Dual
Protection = 5
22 (adjusted NRR) + 5 (Dual Protection NRR) = 27

Source of graphics: OSHA
57
PPT 10-hr. General Industry – Industrial Hygiene v.03.01.17 57
Created by OTIEC Outreach Resources Workgroup
Ergonomic Hazards and Controls
58
Effects of exposure to ergonomic hazards:
• Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
– Exposure to ergonomic risk factors for MSDs
increases a worker's risk of injury
• Repetition
• High force
• Awkward postures
– Work-related MSDs are among the
most frequently reported causes
of lost or restricted work time.
Source: OSHA
59
Risk factors for MSDs:
• Overexertion
• Repetitive tasks
• Awkward posture/positions
• Localized pressure
• Cold temperatures
• Vibration
• Combined exposure
60
Protection against ergonomic hazards:
• Use ergonomically designed tools
• Use correct work practices
– Proper lifting techniques
• Ask for help when handling:
– Heavy loads
– Bulky/Awkward materials
• Properly fitting PPE
Source: NIOSH
61
Discussion
• What are examples of health hazards

at your worksite?
• How are they controlled?
62
Knowledge Check
1. Which of the following is an example of
an industrial hygiene health hazard?
a. Chemical hazards
b. Economic hazards
c. Electrical hazards
d. Fall hazards
Answer: a. Chemical hazards
63
Knowledge Check
2. Which of the following is an example
of a physical health hazard?
a. Asbestos
b. Noise
c. Silica
d. Lead
Answer: b. Noise
64
Knowledge Check
3. Which of the following controls is an
example of an engineering control
for protection against chemicals?
a. Ventilation
b. Respirators
c. Training
d. Signage
Answer: a. Ventilation
65
What questions do
you have?
Thank You!
66

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Introduction to

that may cause workers’

Source of photos: OSHA

Welding fumes Dust particulates

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

Swallowing via eating

Drawn through skin

Source: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Source: OSHA

Source of graphics: OSHA Hazard Communication Pictograms

• Toxic chemicals disrupt the normal

Local (direct) effects:

Source: Occupational Dermatoses (CDC)

• Synergistic effects 2+3>5

• Potentiation effects 2 + 0 > 2

• Antagonistic effects 4 + 6 < 10

Example: Replacing transfer belts with screw

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

• PELs, or permissible exposure limits:

the shift duration

• These limits protect from chronic diseases

“C” = ceiling limit:

during “hotwork” on stainless

can cause chronic lung disease, as well as

transportation, construction, remediation,

throat irritation; dizziness; nausea

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: CDC

Poisonous Plants Water/Sewage Bloodborne Pathogens

Source: OSHA Source: OSHA Source: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

The best way to protect yourself from Zika, as well

Source of photos: OSHA

Rash; Cramps Burns Fatigue Interferences

Exhaustion Sickness Strains Stress

Stroke Aging Carpal Tunnel Tinnitus

Hypothermia Cancer HAVS Headaches

Frostbite DNA Mutations Raynaud’s Hearing Loss

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Protection against vibration:

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Eliminate or substitute hazard, whenever feasible

Source of photos: OSHA

Formable Ear Plugs Earmuffs

22 (adjusted NRR) + 5 (Dual Protection NRR) = 27

Source of photos: OSHA

Source of photos: OSHA

• Properly fitting PPE

• What are examples of health hazards

• How are they controlled?

Answer: a. Chemical hazards

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