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Wireless and Mobile Communication Slide Chapter 5

The document discusses the evolution of mobile telephony systems from 1G to 5G networks. It describes the characteristics of 1G analog cellular networks and paging networks. It then covers 2G digital networks including GSM architecture and components. It also discusses 2.5G and 2.75G networks such as GPRS and EDGE. The document then covers 3G and 4G mobile networks and their capabilities. It concludes with a brief introduction of 5G networks.

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56 views26 pages

Wireless and Mobile Communication Slide Chapter 5

The document discusses the evolution of mobile telephony systems from 1G to 5G networks. It describes the characteristics of 1G analog cellular networks and paging networks. It then covers 2G digital networks including GSM architecture and components. It also discusses 2.5G and 2.75G networks such as GPRS and EDGE. The document then covers 3G and 4G mobile networks and their capabilities. It concludes with a brief introduction of 5G networks.

Uploaded by

Firew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE TELEPHONY SYSTEM


First Generation (1G) – Analog System

 1G networks were introduced in the 1980s


 Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
 Geographical area is divided into cells (typically 10-25km), each served by a
“base station.”
 Cells are small so that frequency reuse can be exploited in nearby (but not
adjacent) cells.
 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 frequency band of 824MHz − 894MHz with 30kHz channels
 Analog cellular phones are insecure

 Paging networks are one of the oldest wireless technologies.


 They support one-way and two way alphanumeric messages between callers and
pagers (beepers).
The advantages of paging networks are:
Very inexpensive
Easy to operate for sender (from any telephone) and receiver
Many options for users (numeric, alphanumeric, two-way, message storage)
Wide coverage at local, regional , national, and international levels
Good building penetration
The limitations of paging networks are follows:
Slow data transfer rate (1200 bps)
No acknowledgment (two-way paging costs extra)
Some of the available paging networks are overloaded, causing delays.
Second Generation (2G) – Digital System

GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE (GSM)


GSM
What ?
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications.
Formerly: Group Special Mobile

When ?
1982: GSM created to set standard.
1988: Industrial development started.
1991: First system deployed.

Why ?
Higher digital voice quality.
Low cost alternatives for making calls and SMS.
GSM ARCHITECTURE
MOBILE STATION
 MS consists of 2 parts:

- Mobile Equipment
- SIM
Mobile Equipment:
• Hardware used by the subscriber to
access the network.
• Uniquely identified by IMEI number.
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM):
• Smartcard containing the International
Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI).
• Allows user to send & receive calls and received
other subscribed services.
BASE STATION SUB-SYSTEM (BSS)
 BSS connects the Mobile Station with MSC through A-interface.
 In charge of Transmission & Reception.
 Consists of 2 parts:
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

 Base Station Controller (BSC)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)


 Consists of TRAU (Transcoder/Rate Adapter Unit).

 Handles Speech Encoding

 Encryption, Multiplexing and

 Modulation/ Demodulation of radio signals

 Usually covers a single 120 degree sector of an area.


Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Allocation of Channels.
 Frequency Administration
 Controls the power transmission.
 Handovers from one BTS to another.
External Interfaces
• ‘Abis’ interface towards the BTS
• ‘A’ interface towards the MSC
Monitors and controls several BTSs
Management of channels on the radio
interface
Switching from ‘Abis’ link to the ‘A’ link
Interface to OMC for BSS Management
NETWORK & SWITCHING SUB-SYSTEM (NSS)

 Manages communication between the mobile user with the other


users.
 Consists of different components as:
 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
 Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC)
 HLR & VLR
 AuC & EIR
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
 Heart of the GSM Network.
 Performs Call Routing, Call set-up and basic
switching functions.
 Communicates with HLR, VLR & other MSCs.
 Performs call switching
 Interface of the cellular network to PSTN
 Routes calls between PLMN and PSTN
 Queries HLR when calls come from PSTN to
mobile user
 Inter-BSC Handover
 Paging
 Billing
Gateway Mobile Switching Centre (GMSC)

 Functions as a gateway
between 2 networks.
 Switch to the Public Switch
Telephone Network (PSTN).

HLR &VLR
 HLR contains a database for subscriber specific information such as
 IMSI, current location of the MS, roaming restrictions
 Users telephone number (MS ISDN)
 Subscription information and services
 VLR address
 Reference to Authentication center for key (Ki)
VLR contains a temporary database about all active subscribers
and always integrated with the MSC.
Copy of subscriber data from HLR
Location Area Code
Provides necessary data when mobile originates call
EIR &AUC
 EIR is a database that keeps tracks of handsets on the Network using
the IMEI number. It contains 3 lists:
– White List-For all known, good IMEI’s

– Grey List- For handsets/IMEI’s that are on observation

– Black List-For all bad or stolen handsets

 AuC handles the authentication and encryption task for the


Network. It is mainly used for security reasons.
 Generates unique data pattern called Cipher key (Kc) for user
data encryption
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE CENTRE (OMC)
 All the networks elements are connected to OMC.
 Keeps records of all the faults occurred.
 Provides a network overview and support the maintenance
activities of different operations.
GSM FREQUENCY
 GSM Network operates in 900 MHz & 1800 MHz bands.
 GSM- 900 uses
- 890-915 MHz to send information from Mobile Station to the Base
Station(Uplink).
- 935-960 MHz for the other direction (Downlink).
- Duplex Spacing is 45 MHz.
 GSM-1800 uses
- 1710-1785 MHz for Uplink.
- 1805-1880 MHz for downlink.
- Duplex Spacing is 95 MHz.
 Providing 124 RF channels (Channel Numbers 1to 124) spaced at
200 KHz.
2.5G Networks (GPRS)
 Transition path to 3G. Examples of these networks are GPRS and EDGE.
 Theoretically provide IP-based packet data speeds up to a maximum of 160 Kbps
 It takes advantage of existing 200 kHz radio channels and does not require new
radio spectrum.
 GPRS basically overlays a PSN on the existing circuit switched GSM network. This
gives the user an option to use a packet-based data service.
 The main component of a GPRS network is the GSN (GPRS Support Node) that
receives the packet data and transfers it to the Internet or other GPRS networks.
 To provide GPRS services on top of GSM, the network operators need to add a few
GSNs and make a software upgrade to BSCs and few other network elements.
2.75G Networks (EDGE)

 Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution


 Deliver maximum data rates up to 500 kbps using the same GPRS infrastructure
 Designed to address some of the limitations of GPRS

For example, GPRS impacts a network’s existing cell capacity because voice
and GPRS calls both use the same network resources.

 Specifically, achieving the theoretical maximum GPRS data transmission speed of 172.2
Kbps would require a single user taking over all eight timeslots without any error
protection.
 Finally, GPRS is based on a modulation technique known as Gaussian minimum-shift
keying (GMSK).
 EDGE is based on the 8 PSK modulation that allows a much higher bit rate across the air
interface.
 Since 8 PSK is also used in 3G, network operators need to incorporate it at some stage
to make the transition to third generation mobile phone systems.
Third Generation Network (3G) – Internet System

 3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of standards for


mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling the IMT-2000
specifications by an ITU.
 Application services include:
 wide-area wireless voice telephone
 mobile Internet access
 video calls and mobile TV
 all in a mobile environment.
 All the operators provide 3G services on the 2100 MHz band.

 Data rates of 144kbps to 384kbps in wide coverage areas, and 2Mbps in local coverage areas
 Best known example of 3G is the UMTS
 CDMA2000 – America
 WCDMA - Europe
 TD-SCDMA - China
 3G networks use a connectionless (packet-switched) communications mechanism
4G Networks – Integration System

 It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards.


 Data rate
 Low mobility communication -1 Gbit/sec 
 High mobility communication-100 Mbit/sec 

 One of the key technologies for 4G and beyond is called Open Wireless Architecture
(OWA), supporting multiple wireless air interfaces in an open architecture platform.
 A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile
broadband solution to:
 Laptop computer wireless modems
 Smartphones, and other mobile devices.
 Facilities such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services,
and streamed multimedia may be provided to users.
3G and 4G Network Comparisons
Summary
Wireless Data Technology Options
Reading Assignment

5G Networks - Real Wireless World System


YOU
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