Java

for
beginners
 Scope

Java language fundamentals

concepts of classes and inheritance

Packages & Interfaces

Exception handling

Applet programming

String handling

Three important packages: lang, I/o, util

Basics of JDBC

Eventhandling, AWT & Swing
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 What we will not cover….


Multithreaded programming


Java Networking


Bean programming


Rest of the packages than the three
mentioned .

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 Agenda

Day1: The language basics,classes,inheritance

Day2: Packages & Interfaces, Exception

handling, Inner classes

Day3: Applet Programming, String handling

Day4: Java.lang,Java.util

Day5: Java.I/o, JDBC basics

Day6: Event handling & Swing

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 Prerequisites


Knowledge of programming.

Knowledge of C Language basics.

Fundamental concepts of OOP

Desire to learn

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 The Genesis of JAVA

Conceived by a team of people at Sun
Microsystems Inc. in 1991


Originally named "Oak" , renamed to "JAVA" in
1995 and announced to public.

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 Why was JAVA created?

Is JAVA developed for Internet?
 The answer is NO

The primary motivation was the need for a
platform-independent (I.e., architecture neutral)
language that could be used to create software to
be embedded in various consumer electronic
devices, such as microwave ovens and remote
controls.

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 Java Buzzwords

Simple 
Architecture-Neutral

Secure 
Interpreted

Portable 
High Performance

Object-Oriented 
Distributed

Robust 
Dynamic

Multithreaded

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The Java Language
 The JAVA Language

Objectives
 Quick look at the C-like parts of the language
 OOP and Java
 some useful packages and tools

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 On Completion ...

On completion of this topic, you should be able to:
 List the major design objectives of Java
 Describe its syntax and how it’s related to C.
 Design and code methods for a simple class

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 What’s been taken out of C

pre-processor, typedefs, structs, unions or enums

goto

pointers

functions

implicit coercions (and only limited casting)

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 Applet vs Application

Java application is a stand alone code which could
be executed as like other language compiled code.

Java Applet is special type of Java class which
needs a Web Browser to interpret that.

Java application can be executed in the OS
command prompt.

Java Applet can be executed using Web Browser
or appletviewer.

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 A Simple JAVA Program
/* This is a simple Java Program */
class MyJavaProg {
public static void main(String args[]) {
System.out.println("Hello! ");
} //end of main method
} //end of class

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 Compiling a java program
To compile this simple application we must:

create a file, whose name should be Test.java, containing the

lines above
compile the application, by issuing the command:
javac Test.java
which will create a file called Test.class
run the application, by issuing the command:
java Test

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 The architecture of Java

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 The Byte Code

The java compiler gives Byte Code as the output.

The byte code is interpreted by the Java Virtual
Machine or the Java Run Time.

JIT - Just in time compilers (compiles the byte
code during run time and keeps using the compiled
code till the application ends)

Regular compilers are also available.

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 The Basics - Lexical Issues

Identifiers(Variables)
 An identifier may be any descriptive sequence of
uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers or the
underscore and dollar sign characters.
 Must not start with a number.
 Java is case sensitive

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 Literals

Five types of Literals:
 integer values
 in base 10, 16 or 8, as in C.
 Floating point values
 either single precision float (force with a F or f suffix)
or double (the default now - force with D or d) e.g.
3.1e2

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 Literals
 Boolean values
 either true or false
 character values
 ‘a’ , '\r' , '\u1234'
 strings -
 "AX" , “this is a string”

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 Data types (atomic)

The Simple Types
 Integers - whole valued signed numbers
 byte, short, integer, long
 Floating-point Numbers - numbers with fractional
precision
 float, double
 Characters - symbols in a character set
 char
 Boolean - true / false
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 Data Size

Width Name 
Java provides machine

8 byte independent width for data

16 short types.

32 int

Java does not support
unsigned integers (positive

64 long only integers)
 IEEE 754 floating point

Width Name

32 float

64 double

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 Data Size


Java uses unicode to represent characters.

The width of storage for a character is 16 bits.

String is a separate class in Java and it is not a
primitive data type.

Boolean takes values either true or false
 Note/Caution : Boolean do not map to numbers as
in C.
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 Type Casting
 Java is strictly type cast
 Rules:
 byte and short are promoted to int
 if one operand is long, then entire expression is
promoted to long
 if one is float, then then entire expression is
promoted to float
 if one is double, then entire expression is
promoted to double

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 Operators
 unary integer operators:
–- negation
–~ bitwise complement
– ++ increment
– -- decrement
 These operators may be combined with the
assignment operator, as in C:
 a -= b; /* same as a = a - b */

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 Operators -- contd
 binary integer operators:
+ addition
- subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
% modulus ( can be applied to float also as against C/C++)
& bitwise AND
| bitwise OR
^ bitwise XOR
<< left shift
>> right shift (arithmetic)

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 Operators -- contd
integer and boolean relational operators:
! not (can be combined with < or > or =)
> greater than (can be combined with =)
< less than (can be combined with =)
== equal
& bitwise AND
| bitwise OR
^ bitwise XOR
&& boolean AND (short-cut - avoids evaluation of right-hand
operand)
|| boolean OR (short-cut - avoids evaluation of right-hand operand)

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 Operators -- contd

ternary conditional operator:

?: as in C/C++ this is an abbreviated if-else

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Object Oriented
Programming
An Introduction and overview
 Programming Paradigms

P r o g r a m m in g

P r o c e s s -O r ie n te d O b je c t-O r ie n te d
c o d e a c tin g o n d a ta d a ta c o n tr o llin g a c c e s s to c o d e

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 Abstraction
In real world humans visualize,
think of anything as a whole object.
For example, do we think of the
hundreds of parts in a car? But we
do think about the behavior of the
car, the object. You can treat these
objects a concrete entities that
respond to messages telling them to

! ?
do something. This is the essence of
OOP.

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 The three OOP Principles

Encapsulation
Inheritance





Polymorphism

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 The three OOP Principles

Encapsulation  
Binding the data and code
together

Inheritance 
Prevents arbitrary access

Polymorphism of code / data by another
code

In JAVA the basis of
encapsulation is the class.

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 The three OOP Principles

Encapsulation 
Inheritance is a process by
which one object acquires

Inheritance  the properties of another

Polymorphism object.

The new class inherited is
called the subclass and
the parent class is called
the superclass

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 The three OOP Principles

Encapsulation 
One interface multiple
methods

Inheritance 
Same object / method

Polymorphism  behaving in different ways
depending on the input
object .

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 Class Modifiers

Abstract
An Abstract class cannot be instantiated.
An Abstract class cannot be final.

Final
Cannot have subclasses.

Public
Can be referred to by other packages.

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 Interface
Interfaces provide some features of multiple inheritance:

 Like an abstract class, an interface defines a set of methods (and

perhaps constants as well), but no implementation.

 By using the implements keyword, a class can indicate that it

implements that set of methods.

 This makes it unnecessary for related classes to share a common

superclass or to directly subclass object.

 It’s possible for a class to implement several interfaces.

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 Variable
public accessible anywhere the class is
protected accessible in package defining class and within
body of any subclass
private accessible only within the class within which it is
defined.
static belongs to the class, not to instances. Sometimes
called class variables as opposed to instance variables.
final must have an initializer - this is the only way of setting
its value - it’s a constant.

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 Method definition
[methodmodifiers] resulttype methodname (arglist)
[throws throwlist]
{
method body
}

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 Method Modifiers

Public

Private

Abstract

Final

Protected

Synchronized

Static

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 Invoking Methods

Syntax to invoke a method is:

 object.methodname(argumentlist);

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 Method invoking -- contd
 implied:

mymethod(...);
 simple:

myobject.mymethod(...);
 static class method:

myclass.classmethod(...);
 create an object, then invoke a method on it:

(new myclass(...)).mymethod;

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 Method invoking -- contd
 indirect reference

myobject.methodreturninghisobject(..).hismethod(..);
Here’s a specific example of the last form:

String s;
double d;
s = “43.4”;
d = Double.valueOf(s).doubleValue(); // set d to
43.4

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 Some Differences
 Because integers are signed, there’s a new shift operator:
>>> zero-fill right shift (treats value as unsigned)

 Because booleans are not numeric, the following is illegal:

int i, j;
if (i = j) ... /* i = j is an int, not boolean */
 The + and += operators have been overloaded for strings -
concatenating as in BASIC. Note that operator overloading, as
implemented in C++, is not available.

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 Arrays
 Arrays are objects, so you create them using new:

int i[];
i = new int[10];
 creates an array of 10 integers, indices run from 0 to 9. You can of
course create arrays of any class.

 No multi-dimension arrays, instead use arrays of arrays:

int j[][] = new int[3][4];

 Array subscripts checked to ensure they are valid integers. If not, a
run-time error occurs.

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 Arrays -- contd
 Dimensions determined at run-time:

int i[];
int j;
...
j = i.length;
 length is not a method, but a “predefined” instance variable

 N.B. array dimensions are not dynamically changeable - once

created, dimensions are fixed.

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 Strings
 Strings are also objects - the String class has methods
with similar functionality to C’s strxxx of functions:
String s1, s2;
int i;
s2 = new String("this is a short string");
s1 = s2.toUpperCase();
if (s2.equals(s1)) {// s2 was in upper case
}

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 Strings -- contd
i = s1.length();// sets i to 22
// length is a method
s2 = String.valueOf(i); // sets s2 to "22"
s1 = s2.concat("abc2"); // sets s1 to "22abc2"
s2 = s1.substring(2,3);// sets s2 to "a"
// 2nd index is exclusive
i = s1.indexOf("2",3); // sets i to 5

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 Wrapper Classes
As well as the basic data types, such as int, there’s
also a set of matching “wrapper” classes:
 Integer
 Long
 Float
 Double
 Boolean
 Character

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 This and super


this and super
 A subclass inherits the methods of its super class.
When a subclass overrides such methods, it’s often
necessary to invoke the equivalent method in the
parent class and the keyword super lets you do
this:

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 This and super
class mybutton extends Button {
public void setLabel(String label) {
setFont(myspecialfont); // change the font
super.setLabel(label); // label the button
}
}
 Note that in a constructor any invocation of a superclass
constructor must be the first statement - if not present:
super();
is added by the compiler.

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 this and Super
 The keyword this refers to the current object -
useful when you want to pass the current object to
another to allow the latter to execute the former’s
methods.

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 Instanceof
The type comparison operator, instanceof, that lets you determine
if an object is of a specific class:

Button b;
MyButton mb;// where MyButton extends Button

if (b instanceof Button) // is true

if (mb instanceof MyButton) // is true
if (mb instanceof Button) // is true
if (b instanceof MyButton) // is false

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 JAVA Tools
The following tools are provided as part of the Java package:

 appletviewer runs an applet (i.e. a class derived from

applet) as though in a browser. The OS/2 version is called
applet.

 java runs an application (i.e. a class with a main method).

The OS/2 port also has a javapm tool -use in place of java to
run a PM application.

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 JAVA Tools -- contd
 javac compiles a .java file into classes

 javadoc produces documentation from a .java files (or a

whole package)

 javah produces C header/source file glue for native classes

from a class file

 javap disassembles classes

 jdb debugger

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 Exceptions

Exceptions
 Run-time errors are called exceptions - handled
using try-catch:

 At run-time, this will display the message:

 "Exception ‘java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero’
raised - i must be zero"

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 Exceptions -- contd
int i, j;
i = 0;
try {
j = 3/i; // attempt to divide by zero
} catch (java.lang.ArithmeticException e) {
// exception handler
System.out.println("Exception ‘" + e +
“‘ raised - i must be zero");
j = Integer.MAX_VALUE; // max value of an int
}

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 Exceptions -- contd
 If you use methods that have a throws (throwlist)
clause on the method statement, you must:

 handle it yourself by enclosing such method

invocations in try/catch clauses

 or declare that your method can throw the

exception(s) by giving it a throws throwlist clause.

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 HTML page

A Simple HTML page with an APPLET tag

<html>
<head>
<title>Dave's Jumping Button</title> </head>
<body>

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 HTML page
<h1>A Simple Java Button</h1>
<p>Press the button to make it jump.
<hr>
<applet code="BBJump.class" width=600 height=200>
<param name=TITLE value="Press Me!">
<p>This page is Java-enhanced.
</applet>
</body>
</html>

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 Network Programming
 URL and URLConnection provide ways of opening streams
to read from (and write to?) URLs

 Socket is the basic class for socket programming (client to

server or server to client)

 ServerSocket provides facilities needed in server to listen for

connection requests

 InetAddress provides network addressing

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 netscape

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 Appletviewer

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 Syntax of Applet tag

Syntax of the APPLET Tag
< APPLET
[CODEBASE = codebaseURL]
CODE = appletFile
[ALT = alternateText]
[NAME = appletInstanceName]
WIDTH = pixels HEIGHT = pixels
[ALIGN = alignment]
[VSPACE = pixels] [HSPACE = pixels]

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 Syntax of Applet tag
>
[< PARAM NAME = appletAttribute1 VALUE = value >]
[< PARAM NAME = appletAttribute2 VALUE = value >]
...
[alternateHTML]
</APPLET>

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 Syntax of Applet tag
N.B. You can suggest an alternative location for class
files using:
<ARCHIVE=“archiveURL”> uncompressed ZIP
and/or:
<PARAM NAME=“cabbase” VALUE=“vendor.cab”>
ARCHIVE is currently supported by Navigator 3.0 and
CAB files by Internet Explorer 3.0

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 Structure of an Applet
class Myapplet extends Applet {

public void init() {

// invoked when applet is created
}

public void start() {

// invoked when document referring to applet
// is visited
}

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 Structure of an Applet
public void stop() {
// invoked when document referring to applet is left
}
public void destroy() {
// invoked (after stop) when applet’s
// resources are being cleaned up
}
}
Applet does not have to die when stop is invoked - can persist on another
thread.

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Thank You
Thursday, December Java Programming 70
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 Encapsulation
Public Private
methods instance
variables

Public
instance
variables

Private
methods

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 Inheritance
Automobile

Two Wheeler Four Wheeler

100cc Vehicle 50cc Vehicle

Hero Honda Kawasaki-Bajaj

Splendor Sleek Caliber

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 Polymorphism
BARK
!&
Chase
Smell

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 Polymorphism
Salivate
& Run
to Bowl
Smell

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 Overriding
Vehicle
Color
Weight
Length

move()

Car Ship Truck

Color Color Color
Weight Weight Weight
Length Length Length

move() move() move()

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