Electromagnetics

Concepts and Applications

Presented by
Dr.P.Muthu Chidambaranathan,
Professor,
Department of ECE,
NIT-Trichy

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 Some modern applications of EM

Physics Based
Signal
Biomedical Processing & Computer
Lasers &
Engineering Imaging Chip Design
Optoelectronics
& BioTech & Circuits

Wireless MEMS &

Comm. & Microwave
Propagation ELECTROMAGNETICS Engineering

RCS Analysis, Remote

Design, ATR Sensing &
Antenna
& Stealth EMC/EMI Subsurface
Analysis &
Technology Analysis Sensing & NDE
Design

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 Foundation for the technologies of
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

FAMILY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC TECHNOLOGIES

Grandparents Parents Children

Electromechanical Electronics
• Hardware Photonics
Electrical Power
• Software

19th Century 20th Century 21st Century

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 why are these little guys so confused?

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 ….at the sight of Maxwell’s Equations !!!!

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 Beautiful Maxwell’s Equations …
• Maxwell’s Equations are elegant and beautiful.
• They are actually quite simple to explain and
understand.
• A time-varying electric field or a time-varying magnetic
field cannot exist alone; the two fields coexist in time and
space, with the space-variation of one field governed by
the time-variation of the second field. This is the
essence of Faraday’s law and Ampere’s circuital law, the
first two of the four Maxwell’s equations resulting in wave
propagation.

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 Maxwell’s Equations
E  dl  –
d
B  dS D  dS   dv
C dt S S V
Electric field Magnetic Charge density
intensity flux density C m3 
V m Wb m2 

  d
 B  dS  0
C H dl  S J dS 
dt S
D dS S
Magnetic Current Displacement
field intensity density flux density
A m
12/06/21 A m 2  C m2 7
 Faraday’s Law
d
C E • dl  – dt S B • dS
B

S
C
dS

Electromotive Force (emf) or voltage around C

= Negative of the time rate of increase of the
magnetic flux crossing S bounded by C.
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C E • dl = Voltage around C, also known as
electromotive force (emf) around C
(but not really a force),
V m   m, or V.

S B • dS = Magnetic flux crossing S,

 Wb m2   m2 , or Wb.
d
–  B • dS = Time rate of decrease of
dt S magnetic flux crossing S,
Wb s, or V.
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 Ampere’s Circuital Law
d
C H • dl  S J • dS  dt S D • dS

J, D S
C
dS

Magnetomotive force (mmf) around C

= Current due to flow of charges crossing S bounded by C
+ Time rate of increase of electric (or displacement) flux
crossing S
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C H • dl = Magnetomotive force (only by
analogy with electromotive
force),
A m   m, or A.

S J • dS = Current due to flow of charges

crossing S,
 Amp m2   m2 , or A.

S D • dS = Displacement flux, or electric

flux, crossing S,
 C m   m , or C.
2 2

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 d
dt
S
D • dS = Time rate of increase of
displacement flux crossing S,
or, displacement current
crossing S,
C s, or A.

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 Gauss’ Law for the Magnetic Field

S B • dS = 0

dS
S

Magnetic flux emanating from a closed

surface S = 0.
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 Law of Conservation of Charge
d
S J • dS +
dt
V
 dv  0

(t) J

dS
V S

Current due to flow of charges emanating from a closed surface S

= Time rate of decrease of charge enclosed by S.

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Maxwell’s Equations in Differential Form
and the Continuity Equation

B
x E = – Faraday’s Law
t
x H  J  D Ampere’s Circuital Law
t
D   Gauss’ Law for the Electric Field

B  0 Gauss’ Law for the Magnetic Field


J  0 Continuity Equation
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 Ez E y Bx
– –
y z t
E x Ez By
– –
z x t
E y E x Bz
– –
x y t
Lateral space Time derivatives of
derivatives of the the components of B
components of E

Dx Dy Dz

  
x y z
        Charge
Longitudinal derivatives density
of the components of D
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The Greatness of Maxwell’s Equations

d
C E • dl = – dt S B • dS

d
C H • dl = S J • dS + dt S D • dS

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The Greatness of Maxwell’s Equations

+
J H ,B
Ampere’s
+ Circuital Law

Law of Conservation
of Charge Faraday’s
Law

 D,E
Gauss’ Law
for E

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 The Contribution of Maxwell
Without the second term on the right side of
Ampere’s circuital law, the loop is not complete
and hence there is no interdependence of time-
varying electric and magnetic fields and no EM
waves!

d
C E • dl = – dt S B • dS

d
C H • dl = S J • dS + dt S D • dS
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Unifying Electricity and Magnetism

Thus, the purely mathematical contribution

of Maxwell in 1864 unified electricity and
magnetism and predicted the generation of
EM waves owing to the interdependence of
time-varying electric and magnetic fields.
Only 23 years later in 1887, eight years after
his death in 1879, the theory was proved
correct by the experimental discovery of EM
waves by Heinrich Hertz.

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 Maxwell’s equations are named after
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-79)

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Ultimate outcome of the course
Maxwell’s Equations are the greatest equations,
ever, as you have heard. They are the basis for
the electromagnetic technologies that have
brought this electronic age for the benefit of the
humankind.

But by and large, they are dreaded by teachers

to teach and students to learn. By the end of
this course, you will gain a fundamental
understanding of these equations, and you will
develop an appreciation for these equations. If
you are scared of Maxwell’s equations now, by
the end of the course you should be able to
23smile at them!
 Einstein’s description of Maxwell’s work

Albert Einstein
described Maxwell’s
discoveries as “the
most profound and
the most fruitful that
physics has
experienced since
the time of Newton.”

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The most significant event of the
nineteenth century
Physicist, Richard
Feynman, noted: From a
long view of the history of
mankind – seen from, say,
ten thousand years from
now, – there can be little
doubt that the most
significant event of the
nineteenth century will be
judged as Maxwell’s theory
of the laws of
electrodynamics.
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The greatest equations ever
In 2004, PHYSICS WORLD magazine conducted
a poll asking its readers to send their short lists of
the greatest equations ever and also asked them
to explain why their nominations belonged on the
list and why, if at all, the topic matters. They
received about 120 responses -- including single
candidates as well as lists -- proposing about 50
different equations. They ranged from obvious
classics to "overlooked" candidates, personal
favorites and equations invented by the
respondents themselves. The result was
published under CRITICAL POINT in the October
6, 2004 issue.
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The greatest equations ever
The Result and Explanation:

Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism and the

Euler equation top a poll to find the greatest equations
of all time.

The article said: Although Maxwell’s equations are

relatively simple, they daringly recognize our perception of
nature, unifying electricity and magnetism and linking
geometry, topology and physics. They are essential to
understanding the surrounding world. And as the first field
equations, they not only showed scientists a new way of
approaching physics but also took them on the first step
towards the unification of the fundamental forces of nature.
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 Fundamental Theorems

  T .dl  T (b)  T (a)

a
Gradient

  .v  d   v.da
Vol sur
Divergence

    v .da   v.dl
sur line
Curl

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 Before Maxwell

.E   (1)
0
.B  0 ( 2)
B
 E   (3)
t
  B  0 J ( 4)

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 Maxwell’s Correction
Divergence of (3)

 B  
.   E   .      .B   0
 t  t

Divergence of (4)

.   B    0  .J   0

For steady currents divergence of J is zero, but non-steady currents

(beyond magnetostatics) Ampere’s law cannot be right.

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 Ampere’s law after Maxwell’s
Correction
Apply continuity equation,

   
.J     0.E   .  0 E 
t t  t 
In order to remove the extra divergence add  E 
 0  to J.
 t 

E
  B   0 J   0 0
t
 E 
 0   Jd Displacement current
 t 

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 Boundary Conditions

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 Wave Equation
.E  0 (1)
.B  0 ( 2)
B
 E   (3)
t
E
  B   0 0 ( 4)
t

     E    .E    2 E   2 E
 B    2
E
        B     0 0 2
 t  t t
 2
E
 E   0 0 2
2

t
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 Wave Equation

     B    .B    2 B   2 B
 E   2B
     0 0    0 0    E     0 0 2
 t  t t

2B
 B   0 0
2

t 2

Permitivity of free space  0  8.85  10 12 C 2 / N .m 2

Permeability of free space  0  4  10 7 N / A 2

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The End

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