NPHSAT

SYSTEMS PVT. LTD.

PLACE: ANDRA PRADESH

MODE: ONLINE
DURATION: 4 WEEKS

NAME: PRIYANKA SARMA

REG NO: RA1811019010115
BRANCH: AEROSPACE

INTERNSHIP REPORT
SUBJECT CODE: 18ASP108L
CERTIFICATE

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 ABOUT THE COMPANY

 NPHSAT SYSTEMS PVT.LTD is the first aerospace start-up in Andar Pradesh, India. It does productions

of cube satellites, satellite antennas, portable wireless antennas telescopes and other robotic systems.

 They have taken up projects such as developing nanosatellites since January, 2019 under small

satellite  standards, the result of a joint development project between California State Polytechnic
University (Cal Poly) and Stanford University, USA. PDSAT-1 is a unique and FIRST miniaturized
Satellite from INDIA  with commemorative titanium plaques carrying LOVE and SPECIAL messages
into space by the end of 2023.

 Its founder and director is Dr Praveen Naidu Vummadisetty

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 1 2 3 4
WEEK 1. WEEK 2. WEEK 3. WEEK 4.
Introduction to antenna Designing of an antenna Simulation using CST Designing outer body of
foe small satellite for a small satellite microwave studio small satellite using
communication communication software and analyzing FUSION 360 software
application using CST the results
microwave studio
software

COURSE OUTLINE

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 WEEK 1
Introduction to satellite antenna
What is an antenna?
Antenna is a metal disc or a rod that catches radio waves and turns them
into electrical signals feeding into something like a radio systems .
These are also referred to as receivers.

Types of antennas?
Wire antennas: It is a radio antenna consisting of a suspended long wire
above the ground, once the wire leaves the transmitter or the receiver it
starts to act as an antenna and picks up signals and radiating them.

Aperture antennas: Antenna apertures are used in relation to the area of

the antenna. It is defined as the measure of the ability of the antenna to
effectively receive the power radiated towards it.

Array antennas: These antenna operate on multiple connection of

antennas and act as single radiating and receiving device.

Reflector antennas: They are practically antennas which are used to

reflect the electromagnetic waves from originating from other source of
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EM waves.
MICRO STRIP PATCH
ANTENNA
ADVANTAGES
MAIN AREA OF FOCUS • EASY TO FABRICATE
• LOW COST LESS SIZE
Micro strip patch antenna was invented
• EASY TO USE IN AN ARRAY
by Bob Munson in 1972 these antennas
• EASY TO FEED
are also called printed antennas. They
are mostly used for microwave
• MORE RELIABLE

frequencies.

CONSTRUCTION
DISADVANTAGE
 Metal "patch” • CAN BE USED ONLY FOR LOW
 Dielectric substrate(A dielectric BANDWIDTH
substrate is a insulator which is a • LESS EFFICIENT
main constituent of the microstrip
structure, where a thicker substrate
is considered because it has direct
proportionality with bandwidth)

 Ground plane(printed circuit board)

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 FEEDING TECHNIQUES FOR ANTENNA
 Microstrip line feed: In this type of feeding technique a conducting strip is directly connected to

the microstrip patch’s edge.

 Co-axial feed: This is a non planar feeding system where the z coaxial cable is used to feed the

patch. The inner conductor extends through the dielectric making a metal contact with the patch
and the outer conductor of the cable is connected to the ground plane.

 Proximity couple feed: Feed line is put between two dielectric substrate. This feed system

provides high bandwidth and gives the user to have own choice between dielectric material.

 Aperture coupled feed line: This is usually designed for 1 GHz-2GHz frequency. It is an indirect

method of feeding the patch antenna with a microstrip line through an aperture . The feedline
creates an electric field in the aperture which induces surface currents on the patch.
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TYPES OF PATCH
SHAPES
Single radiating patch:It consists of

a plated geometric form (the patch) on

one side of a printed circuit board, with

opposite board side by a ground plate

which the dimensions are greater than

the of the radiating patch.

Single slot radiators: This type of patch

antenna operates on the principle that

when ever a high frequency is detected

close to the slot it radiates

electromagnetic energy for transmission

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 WEEK 2

DESIGNING OF MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA

ABOUT CST STUDIO SUITE SOFTWARE

This is a high performance software used to design

simulate and optimize electromagnetic components and

systems.

This software has been divided into :

Particle dynamics:

Accelerator components

Vacuum electronic devices

Space application
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Beam optics
Static low frequency : EDA/ Electronics:
 electromechanical devices • signal integrity analysis
 High voltage/ heavy current • SI-PI Co-simulation
 Magnet design • Broadband Model Extraction
 Sensors • Narrowband Model Extraction
 EMC/shielding
• Design Rule Check)DRC)
 Power electronics
EMC/EMI:
Microwave and RF/Optical: • Radiated emission
 Antennas
• Conducted emission
 Circuit and components
• Conducted susceptibility
 Radar cross section
• Radiated susceptibility
 Biomedical,Exposure,SAR
• Components
 Optical applications
• PCB Rule Checking
 Periodic structures

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CALCULATION INVOLVED

Designing a microstrip antenna

of frequency(f) = 2.4
GHz,dielectric constant of 4.4

Calculation of the following 5

things

 Width(w)

 Effective dielectric constant

 Effective length

 Length extension

 Actual length of the patch

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WEEK 3

PROCEDURE:

Firstly we open the CST software and to the new template and click on the
microwave and RF Optical .
We open the antenna box and fill the required domain such as the minimum
and maximum frequencies, template name etc.
Tools used:
Brick- this is used to create cubical structures and manipulate the figure
according to the user. The calculated lengths were used for the design
purpose. We repeat the process to create the ground as well with the
required dimension.
Boolean :In CST the Boolean operation is nothing but the operations such
as addition,subtraction,intersection,inserting and imprinting. Here we used
the subtraction Boolean operation.

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 ANALYSIS
 This is the radiated pattern
observation in the space of the
microstrip antenna. This is
diagrammatical representation of
the radiation as a function
distance.
 S- Parameter curve tells us if the
antenna is single padded or
double padded. In the y axis the
return loss(the amount of
radiation rejected by the antenna)
values are put and x axis the
frequency. The sharper the dip in
the curve the wider is the
bandwidth achieved. 15
 WEEK 4

It is a cloud based CAD/CAM software for

product development purpose that is both
design and controlling.

Workspace
Create sketch provides important 2D design
environment which drives the 3D geometry of a
design.
Tools Used:
 Line: used for creating straight horizontal
and vertical lines
 Rectangle
 Pattern: used to make different kind of
circular, rectangle patterns
 Mirror: It is used to simplify the geometry by
creating replicas of the structure along an
axis.
 Tangent Arc point: This arc is used to create
arc between two sketch entities with a
curved tangent to the first entity selected.
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 ASSEMBLY DESIGN IN
FUSION

• NEW COMPONENT: CREATES A NEW EMPTY COMPONENT OR CONVERTS THE EXISTING BODIES TO A
NEW COMPONENT. WHEN CREATING AN EMPTY COMPONENT, ENTER A NAME AND SELECT THE PARENT
WHEN CONVERTING BODIES SELECT THE BODIES TO CONVERTING

• COPY : CREATES SIMILAR COPIES OF THE SAME COMPONENT AND THEN TURN THEM INTO SEPARATE
COMPONENTS.

• ACTIVATE COMPONENT: ACTIVATING A COMPONENT ENSURES THAT EVERY FEATURES GETS

ORGANIZED WITHIN ITS INTENDED CONTAINER AND TIMELINE

• JOINT : POSITIONS THE COMPONENTS RELATIVE TO ONE ANOTHER AND DEFINES THE RELATIVE
MOTION OF THE OBJECTS. THEY ARE USUALLY USED WHEN THE COMPONENTS ARE OUT OF POSITION.
WITH THE HELP OF SNAPPING THE REQUIRED JOINING CAN BE OBTAINED

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TRANSFORMATIO
N

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ADVANTAGES OF FUSION 360

PARAMETRIC MODELING
FLEXIBILITY IN FINDING OUT ACTUAL
MATERIAL REQUIRED
EASY 3D PRINTING

STRESS TESTING AND ANALYSIS

PRODUCT RENDERING

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CASE STUDY

Special Microwave Components.

• Detectors: These convert the radiations into some measurable amount which finally is turned into
electrical signals
• Rotary Joints
• DC Blocks: These have are coaxial components that prevent the flow of audio and direct current
frequencies while offering minimum interference to RF signals. 
• Monitor Tees: These coaxial cables are use to inject Dc voltages or currents into the RF signals
• Signal Samplers: This is to turn the continues time varying signal into discrete signals that is
bring down to the a certain level and sample it
• Phase Shifters: They are basically load carriers and restrict the movement of the antenna laterally.

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FREQUENCY BANDS X band
UHF Band 8 - 9 GHz
399.9 - 403 MHz This is used heavily for space research, deep space
This band includes navigation, positioning, time and frequency operations, environmental and military communication
satellites. Many satellites/spacecraft carry
standard, mobile communication, and meteorological satellites.
complementary S and X band transmitters.
Around 400 MHz is a companion band for satellites transmitting on
150 MHz.This band was used heavily by many different types of Ku band
satellites in the past. Today (2012), most activity is restricted to 137- 10.7 - 11.7 GHz
138 MHz (which is the current allocation) and consists of Fixed satellite services (FSS)
meteorological satellites transmitting data and low resolution
'Ka' band
images, together with low data rate mobile satellite downlinks (e.g.
23 - 27 GHz
Orbcomm)
A region that will be used increasingly by a variety of
L Band fixed link, broadcast, environmental and space
1.2 - 1.8 GHz operations satellites in the future as more bandwidth is
This frequency range includes a very diverse range of satellites and required than can be provided in the lower bands. The
encompasses many sub-allocations. This range includes the GPS
disadvantage of this band is the increased absorption
due to water vapor and rain.
and other GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems
S Band C Band
2.025 - 2.3 GHz 3.4 - 4.2 GHz
Space operations and research, including 'deep space' links from Fixed satellite service (FSS) and broadcast satellite
beyond Earth orbit. This encompasses the Unified S-band (USB) service (BSS) downlinks. International TV broadcast
uses this allocation heavily.
plan which is used by many spacecraft, and which was also used by
the Apollo lunar missions. It also includes military space links
VHF Band
including the US Defense Meteorological Satellite Program 136 - 138 MHz 21
.
 LATEST ANTENNAS IN USE

A novel S-band compact quasi-Yagi antenna has The dual-polarized antenna is highly required
been designed, fabricated and measured. for the radar, electronic countermeasure, and
aerospace systems. It is known that the
microstrip antenna can easily be integrated
with microwave circuits and feeding network. 

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THANK YOU!