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Seminar On Nuclear Reactor: Bhabani Sankar Hota ROLL NO - 107EE007

This document provides an overview of nuclear reactors, including their working principles, key components, control methods, types of reactors, and advantages and disadvantages. It discusses India's first nuclear power plants and the role of Dr. H.J. Bhabha in establishing India's nuclear research program. The key parts and working principles of nuclear reactors like fuel, moderator, control rods and coolant are explained. Different reactor types such as boiling water, pressurized water, gas cooled and fast breeder reactors are also summarized.

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Saptarshi Pal Chaudhuri
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44 views28 pages

Seminar On Nuclear Reactor: Bhabani Sankar Hota ROLL NO - 107EE007

This document provides an overview of nuclear reactors, including their working principles, key components, control methods, types of reactors, and advantages and disadvantages. It discusses India's first nuclear power plants and the role of Dr. H.J. Bhabha in establishing India's nuclear research program. The key parts and working principles of nuclear reactors like fuel, moderator, control rods and coolant are explained. Different reactor types such as boiling water, pressurized water, gas cooled and fast breeder reactors are also summarized.

Uploaded by

Saptarshi Pal Chaudhuri
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Seminar

on
Nuclear Reactor
BHABANI SANKAR HOTA
ROLL NO -107EE007
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Nuclear Energy in India
3. Working Principle
4. Parts of Nuclear Reactor
5. Principle of Reactor Control
6. Types of Reactors
7. Choice of Cycle Conversion
8. Advantages
9. Disadvantages
10. Nuclear and Chemical Accidents
11. Conclusion
Introduction
Why Nuclear Energy came into Account:-
• Alternative source of energy
• Large quantity of energy is released with
consumption of only a small amount of fuel
• Hydro-electric power is of storage type and
dependent on monsoon
• Saving the consumption of Oil
• Non availability of coal
• Partially independent of geographical factors
Nuclear power station in India

In India, it was Dr. H. J. Bhabha who put


India on the road to nuclear research,
more than two decades ago. At present
India has four nuclear power plants.
• Tarapur
• Rana Pratap Sagar
• Kalpakkam
• Narora
• Tarapur: This is the first
power plant of India. It
has two boiling water
reactors each of 200 Me
W capacity and each uses
enriched U as fuel.
• Rana Pratap Sagar: It
is situated at Rajasthan.
• Kalpakkam: It is
situated at Tamil Nadu.
• Narora: It is at U. P.
Working Principle
• In physics, fission is a nuclear process, meaning it
occurs in the nucleus of an atom. Fission is when the
nucleus splits into two or more smaller nuclei plus
some by-products. These by-products include free
neutrons and photons (usually gamma rays). Fission
releases substantial amounts of energy (the strong
nuclear force binding energy).
Parts of Nuclear Reactor
• Nuclear fuel
• Reactor core
• Moderator
• Control rods
• Reflector
• Reactor vessel
• Biological shielding
• Coolant
• Nuclear fuel:
Fuel of a reactor should be fissionable material which can be defined
as an fissionable material which can be defined as an element or
isotope whose nuclei can be caused to undergo nuclear fission
nuclear bombardment and to produce a fission chain reaction.
The fuels used are: U238, U235, U 234, UO2

• Reactor core:
This contains a number of fuel rods made of fissile material.

• Moderator:
This material in the reactor core is used to moderate or to reduce
the neutron speeds to a value that increases the probability of fission
occurring.

• Control rods:
The energy inside the reactor is controlled by the control rod. These
are in cylindrical or sheet form made of boron or cadmium.
These rods can be moved in and out of the holes in the reactor core
assembly.
• Reflector:
This completely surrounds the reactor core within the thermal
shielding arrangement and helps to bounce escaping neutrons back
into the core. This conserves the nuclear fuel.

• Reactor vessel:
It is a strong walled container housing the core of the power reactor.
It contains moderate, reflector, thermal shielding and control rods.

• Biological shielding:
Shielding helps in giving protection from the deadly α- and β-
particle radiations and γ-rays as well as neutrons given off by the
process of fission within the reactor.

• Coolant:
This removes heat from the core produced by nuclear reaction. The
types of coolants used are carbon dioxide, air, hydrogen, helium,
sodium or sodium potassium.
Principle of reactor control
The principal law of nuclear energy is E = mc2
Where W-Energy (joules)
m- Mass (kilograms)
c- Speed of light (3*108m/sec)
The main reactions inside a reactor are
238U + 1n0  239U92 + γ
92
239U
92 has a half life period of 23.5 min only and hence it
is unstable.
239U + 0e-1  239Np93
92
239Np
93 again has a short half life and emits β-particles.
239Np
93 +
0e  239Pu94
-1
Types of reactors
• Boiling water reactor
• Pressurized water reactor
• Pressurize heavy water reactor
• Gas cooled reactor
• Advanced gas cooled reactor
• Light water graphite reactor
• Fast breeder reactor
• High temperature gas cooled reactor
• CANDU type reactor
Boiling water reactor

• Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) heat water in


the core and allow it to boil into steam. The
steam goes directly to the turbine outside the
reactor.
Pressurized water reactor

• In a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) water is kept under


pressure to keep it from boiling, even at 300 C. The pressurized
water is pumped through a closed system of pipes called the primary
circuit. Heat from the primary circuit warms up water in the
secondary circuit. The water in the secondary circuit comes to a boil
and its steam turns the turbine. The water in the primary circuit
returns to the reactor core after giving up some of its heat.
Gas cooled reactor
& Advanced gas cooled reactor

• Gas Cooled Reactors (GCR) and Advanced Gas


Cooled Reactors (AGR) use carbon dioxide as the
coolant to carry the heat to the turbine, and graphite as
the moderator. Like heavy water, a graphite moderator
allows natural uranium (GCR) or slightly enriched
uranium (AGR) to be used as fuel.
Light water graphite reactor

• The Light Water Graphite Reactor (LWGR)


is a hybrid design using ordinary water (light
water) as the coolant and graphite as the
moderator, with individual fuel channel cooling.
Fast breeder reactor

• Fast breeder reactors work at such a high temperature


that they need a special coolant such as liquid sodium. In
addition, they are not equipped with a moderator to slow
down neutrons, and for this reason are called "fast"
breeders.
High temperature gas cooled
reactor

• High temperature gas cooled reactors


(HTGR) offer an alternative to conventional
light-water cooled and moderated reactors. They
use graphite as the moderator and helium as the
coolant.
CANDU type reactor

• Candu reactor uses heavy water as moderator


and coolant. Natural uranium containing 0.7%
U235 is used as fuel.
Advantages
• Space requirement of a nuclear power plant is less as compared to
other conventional power plants of equal size.
• A nuclear power plant consumes very small quantity of fuel. Thus
fuel transportation cost is less and large fuel storage facility is not
needed.
• There is increased reliability of operation.
• Nuclear power plants are not affected by adverse weather
conditions.
• Nuclear power plants are well suited to meet large power
demands. They give better performance at higher load factors
(80-90%).
• Materials expenditure on metal structures, piping, storage
mechanisms are much lower for a nuclear power plant than a coal
burning power plant.
• It does not require large quantity of water.
Disadvantages
• Initial cost of nuclear power plant is higher as
compared to hydro or steam power plant.
• Nuclear power plants are not well suited for
varying load conditions.
• Radioactive wastes if not disposed carefully
may have bad effect on the health of workers
and other population.
• Maintenance cost of the plant is high.
• It requires trained personnel to handle nuclear
power plants.
Nuclear and Chemical
Accidents in India

• 1984 Dec. 3, Bhopal, India: toxic gas,


methyl isocyanate, seeped from Union
Carbide insecticide plant, killed more than
2,000, injured about 150,000.
Conclusion
• Widely used nuclear energy can be of great benefit for
mankind. It can bridge the gap caused by inadequate
coal and oil supply. It should be used to as much extent
as possible to solve power problem. With further
developments, it is likely that the cost of nuclear power
stations will be lowered and that they will soon be
competitive. With the depletion of fuel reserves and the
question of transporting fuel over long distances,
nuclear power stations are taking an important place in
the development of the power potentials of the nations of
the world today in the context of ” the changing pattern
of power ”.
THANK YOU

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