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78 views30 pagesChapter 6
The document discusses concepts related to the normal distribution including:
- Describing a population of female students that is normally distributed based on height data.
- Relating the percentage of students within a height range to the corresponding area under the normal curve.
- Explaining how to standardize a normally distributed variable and relate its properties to the standard normal distribution.
- Demonstrating how to use normal distribution properties and tables to find probabilities and z-scores.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
78 views30 pagesChapter 6
The document discusses concepts related to the normal distribution including:
- Describing a population of female students that is normally distributed based on height data.
- Relating the percentage of students within a height range to the corresponding area under the normal curve.
- Explaining how to standardize a normally distributed variable and relate its properties to the standard normal distribution.
- Demonstrating how to use normal distribution properties and tables to find probabilities and z-scores.
Uploaded by
Mohd Nazri OthmanCopyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Normal Distribution
Chapter 6
Normal Distributed Variable
Example: A midwestern college has
an enrollment of 3264 female
students. Records show that the
mean height of these students is
64.4 inches and that the standard
deviation is 2.4 inches. Here the
variable is height, and the population
consists of the 3264 female students
attending the college. Frequency
and relative-frequency distributions
for these heights appear in the table.
The table shows, for instance, that
7.35% (0.0735) of the students are
between 67 and 68 inches tall.
a) Show that the variable “height” is approximately
normally distributed for this population.
Solution: Construct
relative-frequency
histogram. It shows
that the distribution of
heights has roughly
the shape of a normal
curve and, so “height”
is approximately
normally distributed
for this population.
b) Identify the normal curve associated with the variable
“height” for this population.
Solution: The associated normal curve is the one whose
parameters are the same as the mean and standard
deviation of the variable, which are 64.4 and 2.4,
respectively. Thus the required normal curve has
parameters μ = 64.4 and σ = 2.4. It is superimposed on the
histogram.
c) Discuss the relationship between the percentage
of female students whose heights lie within a
specified range and the corresponding area under
the associated normal curve
Solution: Consider, for instance, percentage of the
students who are between 67 and 68 inches is 7.35% or
0.0735. Note that 0.0735 also equals the area of the
cross-hatched bar in histogram because the bar has
height 0.0735 and width 1. And the area under the
curve between 67 and 68, (shaded area) approximates
the area of the cross-hatched bar. Thus we can
approximate the percentage of students between 67
and 68 inches tall by the area under the normal curve
between 67 and 68. This result holds in general.
Standard Normal Distribution
We can interpret standardized normally distributed
variable in several ways. Theoretically, it says that
standardizing converts all normal distributions to the
standard normal distribution.
Let x be a normally distributed variable with mean μ and
standard deviation σ, and let a and b be real numbers
with a < b. The percentage of all possible observations of
x that lie between a and b is the same as the percentage
of all possible observations of z that lie between (a −μ)/σ
and (b−μ)/σ. This latter percentage equals the area under
the standard normal curve between (a −μ)/σ and (b−μ)/σ.
Basic Properties of the
Standard Normal Curve
Basic Properties of the
Standard Normal Curve
Find area under the standard normal curve that lies;
a) to the left of b) to the right of a c) between two
a specified z- specified z-score specified z-scores
score
Example : Use Table II to find area
1. To the left of z = 1.23
• To the right of z = 0.76
• Between z = -0.68 and z = 1.82
Finding z-Score (Zα) Having
Specified Area
• Use Table II to find the value of z if the area is 0.04
Finding z-Score (Zα) Having
Specified Area
Example: Use Table II and find
a. Z 0.025
b. Z 0.05
Solution (a):
Finding z-Score (Zα) Having
Specified Area
• Solution (b) (continue):
Determine a Percentage or
Probability for a Normally Distributed
Variable
Example: Intelligence quotients (IQs) measured on the
Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
are normally distributed with a mean of 100 and a
standard deviation of 16. Determine the percentage of
people who have IQs between 115 and 140.
Solution
• Step 1 Sketch the normal curve associated with the
variable. Here μ =100 and σ = 16.
• Step 2 Shade the region of
interest and mark its
delimiting x-values.
Solution (continue)
• Step 3 Compute z-scores: for x = 115 ( z = 0.94) and
for x = 140 (z = 2.50)
• Step 4 The area under the standard normal curve that
lies between 0.94 and 2.50. The area to the left of
0.94 is 0.8264, and the area to the left of 2.50 is
0.9938. The required area or the shaded area is
therefore
0.9938 −0.8264 = 0.1674.
• 16.74% of all people have IQs between 115 and 140.
The 68.26-95.44-99.74 Rule
Example : Refer Intelligence Quotients (IQs). Apply The
68.26-95.44-99.74 Rule
• Solution: μ = 100 , σ = 16
• Property 1 : 68.26% of all people have IQs within one
standard deviation to either side of the mean.
One standard deviation below :μ-σ = 100 – 16 = 84
One standard deviation above :μ+σ = 100 + 16 = 116
68.26% of all people have IQs between 84 and 116.
• Repeat same steps for Property 2 and Property 3
Property 1 Property 2 Property 3
Assessing Normality; Normal
Probability Plot
Example: The Internal Revenue Service publishes
data on federal individual income tax returns in
Statistics of Income, Individual Income Tax Returns.
A simple random sample of 12 returns from last year
revealed the adjusted gross incomes, in thousands of
dollars, shown in the table. Construct a normal
probability plot for these data, and use the plot to
assess the normality of adjusted gross incomes.
Solution: Here the variable is
adjusted gross income, and the
population consists of all last
year’s federal individual income
tax returns. To construct a
normal probability plot, we first
arrange the data in
increasing order and obtain
the normal scores from Table
III. The ordered data are shown
in the first column; the normal
scores, from the n = 12 column
of Table III, are shown in the
second column of table.
Solution: Next, we
plot the points in the
table, using the
horizontal axis for the
adjusted gross
incomes and the
vertical axis for the
normal scores. This
graph is the normal
probability plot for the
sample of adjusted
gross incomes. Note
that the normal
probability plot is
curved, not linear.
Example:
A student is taking a true-false exam with 10 questions.
Assume that the student guesses at all 10 questions.
1. Determine the probability that the student gets either
seven or eight answers correct.
• Approximate the probability obtained in part (a) by an
area under a suitable normal curve.
Solution (a): Let X denote the number of correct answers
by the student. Then X has the binomial distribution with
parameters n = 10 (the 10 questions) and p = 0.5 (the
probability of a correct guess). Using the binomial
probability formula, we get the probability distribution of X,
as shown in next table
Solution (a): The probability the student gets either 7 or 8
answers correct is
P(X = 7 or 8) = P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)
= 0.1172 + 0.0439 = 0.1611.
Solution (b):
Here’s the probability histogram. The required normal
curve has parameters μ = np = 10• 0.5 = 5 and
σ = 1.58.
The figure shows that P(X = 7 or 8) roughly equals the
area under the normal curve with parameters μ = 5 and
σ = 1.58 that lies between 6.5 and 8.5.
Solution (b)
To compute this area, we convert to z-scores and then
find the corresponding area under the standard normal
curve, in the usual way, as shown in below figure. The
last line in the figure shows that the area under the
normal curve between 6.5 and 8.5 is 0.1579. This area is
close to P(X = 7 or 8), which, as we found in part (a), is
0.1611.
To Approximate Binomial Probabilities
by Normal-Curve Areas
Example: Mortality The probability is 0.80 that a
person aged 20 will be alive at age 65. Suppose that
500 people aged 20 are selected at random. Determine the
probability that
1. Exactly 390 of them will be alive at age 65
• Between 375 and 425 of them, inclusive, will be alive
at age 65.
Solution
Step 1 n = 500, p = 0.8
Step 2 np = 500(0.8) = 400 and n(1-p) = 500(0.2) = 100
Both p and n(1-p) are greater than 5
Step 3
µ = 500(0.8) = 400 and σ = √500(0.8)(0.2) = 8.94
Step 4 Make the correction for continuity and find area
1. Subtract and add 0.5 to 390. Find area between 389.5
and 390.5 or between SNC 0.1210 and 0.1446
area = 0.0236
The probability is about 0.0236 that exactly 390 of the
500 people selected will be alive at age 65
1. Subtract 0.5 from 375 and add 0.5 to 425.
Find area between 374.5 and 425.5
or SNC area = 0.9956
The probability is approximately 0.9956 that between 375
and 425 of the 500 people will be alive at age 65
