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Geoprocessing and Georeferencing Raster Data

This document discusses tools and techniques for geoprocessing and georeferencing raster data in ArcGIS. It covers establishing links between raster and reference data, assessing georeferencing accuracy, initiating transformations through either updating georeferencing or rectifying, and the transformation process which applies polynomial equations to align raster cells. Conversion tools are also summarized that allow converting between raster and vector data formats.

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Gadaa Duuloo
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57 views18 pages

Geoprocessing and Georeferencing Raster Data

This document discusses tools and techniques for geoprocessing and georeferencing raster data in ArcGIS. It covers establishing links between raster and reference data, assessing georeferencing accuracy, initiating transformations through either updating georeferencing or rectifying, and the transformation process which applies polynomial equations to align raster cells. Conversion tools are also summarized that allow converting between raster and vector data formats.

Uploaded by

Gadaa Duuloo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geoprocessing and

georeferencing raster data


Raster conversion tools
Geoprocessing tools

ArcCatalog tools
ArcMap - raster projection options
 Best situation - all inputs
have same spatial reference
 Simple or robust algorithm
choice
 Applies projection on the fly
 Projection of data frame or
first layer
 Export option - data frame
or original projection
 Various export formats
Geoprocessing - raster projection
 Data Management Tools
-> Projections
 Best raster projection tool
 Use resample method
• Nearest neighbor
• Bilinear interpolation
• Cubic convolution
 Option to specify
registration points
• origin point for anchoring
output cells
 Geoprocessing
environment
 General settings for
geoprocessing
 Applied to all output
rasters
Conversion on the fly
 Many functions accept feature or raster data as
input
 Feature data automatically converted when necessary

 Non-grid rasters converted to grid for analysis


 Consider converting compressed data before processing
Geoprocessing - raster tools
 Tools to:
 Flip raster along horizontal axis.
 Flip raster along vertical axis.
 Converts between two
coordinate systems.
 Scale by the specified x and y
 Rotate around a specified point
by a specified angle
 Shift by specified x and y shift
 Transform using links
Conversion: polygon to raster
 Convert using string or numeric
field
 Unique attributes assigned value in the
output raster
 Conversion field added to VAT
 May results in:
 Loss of detail 100m
• Smaller cell size —
better representation
• Larger cell size —
more generalization
 Loss of topological relationships
400m
Conversion: line to raster
 Identifies raster cell crossed
by the line
 Codes cells with the attribute value
associated with line
 if more than one value for a cell
– longest arc used

 Cell size should be


 Average width of the linear features Lines
Conversion: Point to raster
 Method:
 Cell with center closest to point xy - coded with attribute of
point
 NoData assigned if no point available.
 Cell size — overriding factor
 Note:
 Most often interpolate z values for points,not convert
 Seldom can original points be retrieved from converted
raster without loss
Conversion: Raster to feature
 Raster to polygon
 Regions vector polygons
 Cell size controls “blockiness”
 Deploy raster generalization to reduce “stair-step” effect
 Raster to lines
 Stream to feature tool
 Raster to Point
 center of cell
 defines point feature XV
Georeferencing a raster

Image: Not georeferenced

Vector Data
Georeferencing steps
1. Add Georeferencing toolbar

3. Establish Links 2. Add Layers

4. Assess Accuracy 5. Save Transformation


Update georeferencing
Rectify
Georeferencing toolbar
 Component of ArcGIS deployed in ArcMap.
 Does not require ArcGlS Spatial Analyst

Rotate and Shift


Establishing links
 Links used to tie unreferenced raster to geo-
referenced source data
 Requires:
 At least three links
 Evenly distributed over the entire raster
 Choose Link features that will not change
position with time

Reference data

0,0
Assessing accuracy of links
 The Link Table
 Shows accuracy of transformation
 Reports residual error of each link and RMS error for whole
image
 RMS error depends on
 Raster cell size
 Accuracy in adding links

RMS= E12 + E22 +…en2


n
Initiating transformation
 Final stage of alignment
 Two choices
 Update Georeferencing
 Transformation information stored with raster and used
when displayed or analyzed
 No resampling of original data
 Rectify
 Raster is resampled
 New output created
Transformation process
 Applies polynomial equation to unreferenced
raster
 Source coordinates converted to rectified coordinates
 Transformation complexity determined by:
• polynomial order number of links and distortion of source
raster
1st order: Linear Transformation

Change of scale Change of skew Rotation

In X In Y

Original 2nd order or higher: Polynomial Transformation


Image
The Rectification process
 Creates output raster from link positions
 Resamples source raster
 Fits source raster to output raster

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