Instructor Materials

Chapter 7: IP Addressing

CCNA Routing and Switching

Introduction to Networks v6.0

Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
 Chapter 7: IP Addressing

CCNA Routing and Switching

Introduction to Networks v6.0

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 Chapter 7 - Sections & Objectives
 7.1 IPv4 Network Addresses
• Convert between binary and decimal numbering systems.
• Describe the structure of an IPv4 address including the network portion, the host
portion, and the subnet mask.
• Compare the characteristics and uses of the unicast, broadcast, and multicast
IPv4 addresses.
• Explain public, private, and reserved IPv4 addresses.
 7.2 IPv6 Network Addresses
• Explain the need for IPv6 addressing.
• Describe the representation of an IPv6 address.
• Describe types of IPv6 network addresses.
• Configure global unicast addresses.
• Describe multicast addresses.
 7.3 Connectivity Verification
• Explain how ICMP is used to test network connectivity.
• Use ping and traceroute utilities to test network connectivity.
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 7.1 IPv4 Network
Addresses

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IPv4 Network Addresses
Binary and Decimal Conversion
 IPv4 Addresses
• consists of a string of 32 bits, divided
into four sections called octets.
• Each octet contains 8 bits (or 1 byte)
separated with a dot.
 Conversion between Binary to
Decimal
• Use the chart to help with conversion

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IPv4 Address Structure
Binary Number System

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IPv4 Network Addresses
IPv4 Address Structure
 Network and Host Portions
 The Subnet Mask
 Logical AND
• What is the network address for
graphics?
 Prefix Length
• What is the prefix length for the
graphics?
 Network, Host, and Broadcast
Addresses
• Network Address?
• Range of Valid Hosts?
• Broadcast Address?
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IPv4 Network Addresses
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
 IPv4 Addressing Assignment to a Host
• Static – Type in manually
• Dynamic - Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
 IPv4 Communication
• Unicast - send packets from one host to an
individual host
• Broadcast - send packets from one host to
all the hosts in the network
• Multicast - send a packet from one host to a
selected group of hosts in the same or
different network
• Which types of communication are the
graphics on the right?

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I IPv4 Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast
Unicast Transmission

In an IPv4 network, the hosts can communicate one of

three different ways:

1. Unicast - the process of sending a packet from one

host to an individual host.

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IPv4 Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast
Multicast Transmission
• Multicast - the process of sending a packet from one host to
a selected group of hosts, possibly in different networks
• Reduces traffic
• Reserved for addressing multicast groups - 224.0.0.0 to
239.255.255.255. 
• Link local -  224.0.0.0 to 224.0.0.255 (Example: routing
information exchanged by routing protocols)
• Globally scoped addresses - 224.0.1.0 to 238.255.255.255
(Example: 224.0.1.1 has been reserved for Network Time
Protocol)

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IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast, and Multicast
Broadcast Transmission
2. Broadcast - the process of sending a packet from one host
to all hosts in the network

Routers do not Directed broadcast

forward a • Destination
limited 172.16.4.255
broadcast! • Hosts within the
172.16.4.0/24
network

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IPv4 Network Addresses
Types of IPv4 Addresses
 Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
• Private addresses are not routed over the Internet
• Private Addresses:
o 10.0.0.0/8 or 10.0.0.0 to10.255.255.255
o 172.16.0.0 /12 or 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
o 192.168.0.0 /16 or 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

 Special User IPv4 Addresses

• Loopback addresses
o 127.0.0.0 /8 or 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254

• Link-Local addresses or Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses

o 169.254.0.0 /16 or 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254

• TEST-NET addresses
o 192.0.2.0/24 or 192.0.2.0 to 192.0.2.255

 Classless Addressing
• CIDR
• Allocated IPv4 addresses based on prefix length
 Assignment of IP Addresses
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 7.2 IPv6 Network
Addresses

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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv4 Issues
 The Need for IPv6
• Depletion of IPv4 address space
• Internet of Everything
 IPv4 and IPv6 Coexistence
• Dual Stack – IPv4 and IPv6 on the
same network
• Tunneling – IPv6 packets inside IPv4
packets
• Translation - IPv6 packet is
translated to an IPv4 packet, and
vice versa.

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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv6 Addressing
 IPv6 Address Representation
• x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x, where x represents 4
hexadecimal values
 Apply the rules to simply these IPv6
Addresses
• Rule 1: Omit Leading 0s
• Rule 2: Omit All 0 Segments
o 2001:0DB8:0000:1133:0000:0000:0000:0200
o 2001:0DB8:CAFE:0000:1111:0000:0000:0200
o 2001:0DB8:000A:0000:0000:0000:0000:1000
o 2001:0DB8:ACAD:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000
o 2001:0DB8:0000:1111:0020:0000:ACAD:0000
o FF02:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
o FE80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0003
o 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

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IPv6 Network Addresses
Types of IPv6 Addresses
 IPv6 Address Types
• Unicast
• Multicast
• Anycast
 IPv6 Prefix Length
• Indicates the network portion
• Format: IPv6 address /prefix length
• Prefix length range from 0 to 128
• Typical length is /64
 Common Types of IPv6 Addresses
• Unicast Addresses
o Unique, Internet routable addresses
o Configured statically or assigned dynamically

• Link-Local Unicast Addresses

o Communicate with other IPv6 enabled devices on the same link
o Device creates its own link local address without DHCP server

• Unique Local Addresses

o Unique local unicast
o Used for local addresses within a site or between a limited number of sites

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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv6 Unicast Addresses
 Structure of an IPv6 Global Unicast
Address
• Global Routing Prefix
• Subnet ID
• Interface ID
 Static Configuration of a Global Unicast
Address
• ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-length
 Dynamic Configuration
• SLAAC
• DHCPv6
 Link-Local Addresses
• Dynamic or Static
 Verifying IPv6 Address Configuration
• show ipv6 interface brief

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
using SLAAC

Stateless Address Autoconfiguraton (SLAAC)

• A method that allows a device to obtain its prefix, prefix
length and default gateway from an IPv6 router
• No DHCPv6 server needed
• Rely on ICMPv6 Router Advertisement (RA) messages

IPv6 routers
• Forwards IPv6 packets between networks
• Can be configured with static routes or a dynamic IPv6
routing protocol
• Sends ICMPv6 RA messages

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast Address
using SLAAC

Command IPv6 unicast routing enables IPv6 routing

RA message can contain one of the following three options

• SLAAC Only – use the information contained in the RA
message
• SLAAC and DHCPv6 – use the information contained in the
RA message and get other information from the DHCPv6
server, stateless DHCPv6 (example: DNS)
• DHCPv6 only – device should not use the information in the
RA, stateful DHCPv6

Routers send ICMPv6 RA messages using the link-local

address as the source IPv6 address

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IPv6 Unicast Addresses
Dynamic Configuration of a Global Unicast
Address using DHCPv6

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)

 Similar to IPv4
 Automatically receive addressing information including a
global unicast address, prefix length, default gateway
address and the addresses of DNS servers using the
services of a DHCPv6 server
 Device may receive all or some of its IPv6 addressing
information from a DHCPv6 server depending upon
whether option 2 (SLAAC and DHCPv6) or option 3
(DHCPv6 only) is specified in the ICMPv6 RA message
 Host may choose to ignore whatever is in the router’s RA
message and obtain its IPv6 address and other
information directly from a DHCPv6 server.
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IPv6 Network Addresses
IPv6 Multicast Addresses
 Assigned IPv6 Multicast Addresses
• IPv6 multicast addresses have the prefix FF00::/8
o FF02::1 All-nodes multicast group
o FF02::2 All-routers multicast group

 Solicited-Node IPv6 Multicast Addresses

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 7.3 Connectivity
Verification

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Connectivity Verification
ICMP
 ICMPv4 and ICMPv6
• Host Confirmation
• Destination or Service Unreachable
• Time Exceeded
• Router Redirection
 ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router
Advertisement Messages
• Messaging between an IPv6 router and an IPv6
device:
o Router Solicitation (RS) message
o Router Advertisement (RA) message

• Messaging between IPv6 devices:

o Neighbor Solicitation (NS) message
o Neighbor Advertisement (NA) message

• Duplicate Address Detection (DAD)

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Connectivity Verification
Testing and Verification
 Ping
• Testing the Local Stack
o 127.0.0.1 (IPv4) or ::1 (IPv6)

• Testing Connectivity to the Local LAN

• Testing Connectivity to Remote
 Traceroute
• Testing the Path
o Round Trip Time (RTT)
o IPv4 TTL and IPv6 Hop Limit

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 7.4 Chapter Summary

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Chapter Summary
Summary
 Explain the use of IPv4 addresses to provide connectivity in a small to medium-sized
business network.
 Configure IPv6 addresses to provide connectivity in small to medium-sized business
networks.
 Use common testing utilities to verify network connectivity.

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